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Ebook:
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The eBook is based on the paperback edition from 2024. (Edition I)

Warsaw 2024

PZWL Wydawnictwo Lekarskie

ISBN 978-83-01-23763-9

DOI: https://doi.org/10.53271/2022.101

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LIST OF ABBREVIATION

ENTRY

CHAPTER 1. STEM CELLS – INTRODUCTION

1.1. The history of stem cells in a nutshell

1.2. Ethical issues in research over the stem cells

CHAPTER 2. CELL STEMS BIOLOGY

2.1. Division and definition of stem cells

2.1.1. Totipotent stem cells

2.1.2. Pluripotent stem cells

2.1.3. Multipotent stem cells

2.2. Stem cell niche

2.3. Molecular basis of pluripotency

2.3.1. Differentiation of stem cells

2.4. Structure of stem cells

CHAPTER 3. STEM CELLS IN MEDICINE

3.1. Mesenchymal stem cells

3.1.1. Research on mesenchymal cells

3.2. Embryonal stem cells

3.3. Adult stem cells

3.3.1. Hematopoietic stem cells

3.4. Neural stem cells

3.5. Circulatory stem cells system

3.6. Lung stem cells

3.7. Intestinal stem cells

3.8. Skeletal muscle stem cells

3.9. Non-hematopietic stem cells

3.9.1. Stem cells from umbilical cord blood

3.10. Bone marrow stem cells

3.11. Cancer stem cells

3.12. Skin stem cells

3.12.1. Skin structure

3.12.2. Stem cell niches in the skin

3.12.3. In vitro skin cell culture

3.13. Hair follicle stem cells

3.13.1. Anatomy of the scalp

3.13.2. The structure of the hair follicle

3.13.3. Hair follicle stem cell niche

3.14. Medical therapy with application stem cells

3.15. Stem cell biotechnology

CHAPTER 4. THE USE OF STEM CELLS IN COSMETOLOGY

4.1. Stem cells and cosmetology

4.1.1. Klotho protein

4.1.2. Skin microbiome

4.1.3. Holistics in cosmetological and trichological practice

4.1.4. Dysbiosis of the skin microbiome

4.1.5. Probiotics in skin care

4.1.6. Biotech beauty trend

4.1.7. Basic principles of formulating preparations cosmetics

4.2. Plant stem cells in cosmetology

4.2.1. Obtaining plant stem cells

4.2.2. The effect of plant stem cells on the skin

4.2.3. Plant stem cells in cosmetic form active ingredients

4.2.4. Active ingredients with protective effects towards the stem cell niche

4.2.5. An alternative to plant stem cells

4.2.6. Biomimicry in cosmetology

4.3. Animal stem cells in cosmetology

4.4. The role of stem cells in the aging process

CHAPTER 5. USE OF STEM CELLS IN TRICHOLOGY

5.1. Stem cells and trichology

5.1.1. The influence of stem cells on the scalp

5.1.2. Stem cells of plant origin in trichological preparations

5.1.3. Overview of autologous treatments with stem cells in the treatment of baldness

CHAPTER 6. USE OF CELLS SCIENCES IN MEDICINE AESTHETICAL

6.1. Stem cells and medical treatments aesthetical

6.1.1. Stem cells derived from blood peripheral CD34+

6.1.2. Indications for aesthetic treatments using stem cells

6.1.3. Contraindications to aesthetic treatments using stem cells

6.2. Platelete-rich plasma in dermatology and in aesthetic medicine

6.2.1. Platelet-rich plasma preparation procedure

6.2.2. Platelet-rich plasma – risk, contraindications and indications for the procedure

6.3. Platelet-rich fibrin – source of stem cells

6.3.1. The use of platelet-rich fibrin in procedures in the field of aesthetic medicine

6.3.2. The course of the procedure

6.3.3. Platelet-rich fibrin – principles of procedure, contraindications, indications for the procedure

6.4. Tissue stimulators induce stem cell activity

6.5. Innovative use of cells stages in dermatology

CHAPTER 7. STEM CELLS FAT ORIGIN IN AESTHETIC TREATMENTS

7.1. Multipotency stem cells derived from autological fat

7.1.1. Liposuction procedure

7.1.2. Lipofilling treatment

7.1.3. Risks resulting from treatments and contraindications to perform liposuction and lipofilling

7.1.4. Laboratory tests required before execution surgical liposuction procedure

7.2. Lipotransfer rich in stem cells

CHAPTER 8. GROWTH FACTORS

8.1. Characteristic

8.2. Growth factors in cancer progression

8.3. Growth factors in cosmetology

8.3.1. Fibroblast growth factor and fibroblasts in the skin aging process

8.3.2. Growth factors in cosmetic preparations

8.3.3. Growth factors as ingredients of preparations cosmetics

8.4. Growth factors in aesthetic medicine

8.4.1. Growth factors in autologous preparations

8.5. Growth factors in the wound healing process

CHAPTER 9. EXOSOMES

9.1. Brief characteristics of exosomes

9.2. Potential role of exosomes in skin regeneration

CHAPTER 10. THE EFFECT OF DIET ON STEM CELLS

10.1. Food that supports stem cells activity

10.2. The role of the intestic microbiome in the aging process of stem cells

CHAPTER 11. SUMMARY

ENDING – THE FUTURE OF STEM CELLS

ABOUT AUTHOR

LITERATURE

Other chapters are available in the full version of the e-book.

LIST OF ABBREVIATION

A1 SCNT – somatic cell nuclear transfer

18 TCF – T-cell factor – transcription factor of T lymphocytes

18-MEA – 18-methylicosanoic acid

2D – two-dimensional

3D – three-dimensional

AA – alopecia areata

ADP – ribosylation factor

ADSC – adipose derived stem cells

AFMSC – amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells

AGA – androgenetic alopecia

ALAT – alanine aminotransferase

AMT® – Autologous Micrografting Technology®

Anti-HCV – antibodies against the hepatitis C virus Anti-HBs

APAG – Activated Plasma Albumin Gel

A-PRF – Advanced Platelet Rich Fibrin

APTT – activated partial thromboplastin time

ARF – Adenosine diphosphate-Ribosylation Factor

AST – aspartate aminotransferase

ATP – adenosine-5’-triphosphate

bAT – beige adipose tissue

BCL-2 (B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2) – a heterogeneous group of proteins name comes from B-cell lymphoma 2

BDNF – brain-derived neurotrophic factor

Beta hCG – human chorionic gonadotropin

bFGF – basic fibroblast growth factor

BM – bone marrow

BMP – bone morphogenetic protein

BMSC – bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells

b-NGF – b-nerve growth factor

CBD – Cannabidiol

CBER – Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research

CD117 – protoncogene

CD200 – cluster of differentiation 200 – OX-2 membrane glycoprotein, protein encoded by the CD200 gene

CD34 – cluster of differentiation 34, hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen

CD44 – cluster of differentiation 44 – glycoprotein, hyaluronic acid receptor located in the basement membrane of the follicle

CGF – concentrated growth factors

CK19 – cytokeratin 19

c-KIT – stem cell factor receptor

CMC – cambial meristematic cells

CMV – Cytomegalovirus

CNS – central nervous system

COPD – chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

COVID-19 – coronavirus disease 2019 – an acute infectious, respiratory disease caused by infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus

CRISPR – Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats – a defense system of prokaryotic organisms against exogenous genetic elements

CSC – cardiac stem cells

CSCs – cancer stem cells

CSP – cardiac side-population

CTAP-3 – connective tissue activating peptide 3

Dab2 (DAB Adapter Protein 2) – mitogen-sensitive phosphoprotein

DCS (Deep Crypt) – secretory cells of deep crypts

DHQG – dihydroquercetin glucoside

DHT – dihydrotestosterone

DKK3 – Dickkopf-3 – DKK proteins

DMH1 – dorsomorphin homolog 1

DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid

DP – dermal papilla

DS – dermal sheath

E. coli – Escherichia coli

ECG – electrocardiography

ECM – extracellular matrix

EDTA – ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

EGCG – epigallocatechin gallate

EGCG2 – epigallocatechin gallate glucoside

EGF – epidermal growth factor

EGFR – epidermal growth factor receptor

ELISA – enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

EPC – endothelial progenitor cells

EPU – epidermal proliferative unit

ESC – embryonic stem cell

ESCs – epithelial stem cells

ESR – Biernacki test

EU – European Union

EVs – extracellular vesicles

FAMI – Facial Autologous Mesenchymal Integration

FDA – Food and Drug Administration

Fe (Latin: ferrum) – iron

FGF-10 – fibroblast growth factor-10

FOXO1 (Forkhead box-O1) – Forkhead box-O1 protein

FOXP1 (Forkhead box-P1) – Forkhead box-P1 transcription factor

FP-A – fibrinopeptide A

FP-B – fibrinopeptide B

FT3 – free triiodothyronine (free fraction of the T3 hormone)

FT4 – free thyroxine

FU – Follicular Units

FUE – follicular unit extraction

GAG –Glycosaminoglycans

GAS6 – Growth Arrest Specific 6

G-CSF – Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

GDF-3 – Growth differentiation factor-3

Gli1+ – glioma-associated oncogene 1 positive

GM-CSF – granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

GMP – Good Manufacturing Practice

gp130 – Glycoprotein 130

H. pylori – Helicobacter pylori

H5N1 – strain of bird flu virus

H9N2 – a strain of bird flu virus

HBV – Hepatitis B Virus – inflammation of the hepatitis B virus

HCV – Hepatitis C Virus – inflammation of the hepatitis C virus

HDL – high-density lipoproteins

Hes1 – Hes Family BHLH Transcription Factor 1

HEV – high-energy visible light

HFCM – human fibroblast conditioned media – a mixture of growth factors from cultured fibroblasts in laboratory conditions

hfSC – hair follicle stem cells

HGF – hepatocyte growth factor

HHV-6 – Human Herpesvirus 6

HHV-8 – Human Herpesvirus 8 – human herpesvirus 6 associated with Kaposi’s sarcoma

HIV – Human Immunodeficiency Virus

hMSC – human mesenchymal stem cells

HPAPs – human platelets antimicrobial peptides

HPLC – high-performance liquid chromatography

HPV – Human Papillomavirus

HSCs – hematopoietic stem cells

HSE – human skin equivalent

HSP – heat shock proteins

HSPC – hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells

HST – Hair Stem Cell Transplantation

HSV-1 (Latin: Herpes Simplex Virus) – herpes simplex virus

ICM – inner cell mass – the mass of cells of preimplantation embryos

IF – interfollicular stem cell

IFE – interfollicular epidermis

IFESC – interfollicular epidermis stem cell – epidermal stem cells between the follicles

IGF-1 – insulin-like growth factor 1

IL – Interleukin

IL-1RA – Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist

INCI – International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients

Integrin α3β1 – integrin α3β1

Integrin α6β4 – integrin α6β4

I-PRF – injectable Platelet Rich Fibrin

iPSC – induced pluripotent stem cells

IR -Infrared – infrared light

IRB – Institute of Biotechnological Research

IRS – inner root sheath

ISC – intestinal stem cell

Isl-1 – insulin gene enhancer protein

ISO – International Organization for Standardization

ISP – International Specialty Products

JAK-Stat – Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription

JNK – c-Jun N-terminal Kinase

K14 – Keratin 14

K15 – Keratin 15

K19 – Keratin 19

K5 – Keratin 5

KGF – keratinocyte growth factor

KL – Klotho KSHV – Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus

LAL – Laser-assisted liposuction

LDL – low-density lipoprotein

Lgr5+ – Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5

LHX2 – LIM Homeobox – protein encoded by the LHX2 gene LIF (leukemia inhibitory factor) – a factor that inhibits leukemia

LLLT – Low-Level Laser Therapy

LPP – Lipid Peroxidation Products

L-PRF – leukocyte and platelet-rich fibrin matrix – platelet-rich plasma containing a high content of leukocytes and fibrin matrix, i.e. liquid platelet-rich fibrin

L-PRP – leukocyte platelet-rich plasma

LRG6 – leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 6

LSCC – Low Speed Centrifugation Concept

M-CSF – macrophage colony-stimulating factor

MeSC – melanocyte stem cell

miRNA – microRNA

MITF – melanocyte inducing transcription factor)

MITF – microphthalmia transcription factor

MLPC – multilineage progenitor cells

MMP – matrix metalloproteinases

MRP – multidrug resistance protein 1

MSCs – mesenchymal stem cells

MUSE – Multi-lineage Differentiating Stress Enduring cell – non-tumorogenic pluripotent tissue cells

NFATC1 – Nuclear Factor Of Activated T Cells 1

NPCs – neural progenitor cells

NPFSC – nail proximal fold stem cell

Nrf-2 – nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2

NSAIDs – non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

NSC – neural stem cells – adult neural stem cells

NSCs – nail stem cells

ntES – nuclear transfer embryonic stem cells

ORS – outer root sheath

(O/W) – oil in water

p16INK4a – a cell cycle regulator involved in the process cellular aging

p38-MAPK – p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases

PAL – Power-assisted liposuction – vibration liposuction

PBP – platelet basic protein

PBSC – Peripheral Blood Stem Cells – stem cells derived from peripheral blood

PDGF – platelet-derived growth factor

PDMSC – placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells

pES – parthenogenetic ES – parthenogenic embryonic stem cells

PF-4 – platelet factor 4

PGE2 – Prostaglandin E2

PGF – Phyto-Glucidic Fractions™

PGF2α – Prostaglandin F2α

PLF – Phyto-Lipidic Fractions™

PMSC – Placental Mesenchymal Stromal Cells

PPF – Phyto-Peptidic Fractions™

P-PRF –pure platelet-rich fibrin matrix – platelet-rich plasma containing fibrin; pure platelet-rich fibrin

P-PRP – pure platelet rich plasma – pure platelet-rich plasma

PSP® – Processed skin proteins

PT – prothrombin time

RA – rheumatoid dermatitis

RNA – ribonucleic acid

RNS – Reactive Nitrogen Species

ROS – Reactive Oxygen Species

SARS-CoV-2 – severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

Sca1+ – Stem cell antigen-1

SFRP1 – Secretized Frizzled Related Protein 1

SGZ – subgranular zone

SLEB – subepidermal low echogenic band – hypoechoic band under the echo of entry (in ultrasound)

SOD – SuperOxide Dismutase

SOX9 – SRY-Box Transcription Factor 9

SSC – skin stem cells

SVF – stromal vascular fraction

SVR – subventricular zone

TA – transit-amplifying – cells that multiply transiently

Tb-4 – thymosin b-4

Tbx-18 – T-Box Transcription Factor 18

TEWL – Transepidermal Water Loss

TG – triglycerides TGF-α – transforming growth factor α

TGF-β – transforming growth factor β

TGF-β2 – transforming growth factor-beta 2

THC – tetrahydrocannabinol

TIC – Tumor-Initiating Cells

TNF-α – tumor necrosis factor α

TSG – trimeric G protein – proteins that bind guanine nucleotides

TSH – thyroid stimulating hormone

UAL – Ultrasonic Assisted Liposuction

UCB – Umbilical cord blood

UCMSC – umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells

UN – The United Nations

USSC – Unrestricted somatic stem cells

UV – ultraviolet radiation

VEGF – Vascular endothelial growth factor

VLDL – very low density lipoprotein

VSEL – very small embryonic-like stem cells

VSMCs – Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

WAT – white adipose tissue

Wnt-1 – Wnt Family Member 1– Wnt-1 proto-oncogene

(W/O) – water in oil

ENTRY

The book presents the current state of knowledge in the field of application stem cells in cosmetology, trichology and aesthetic medicine based on reliable, latest scientific reports, in the mainstream translational science. The publication is divided into two parts, in which: the first deals with biological issues, covering in a transparent manner the biology of stem cells in individual human body organs, with particular emphasis on the skin, scalp, adipose tissue (fatty tissue) and whole blood. The second part of the book is devoted to analysis of the practical use of stem cells in treatments in the field of aesthetic medicine. There are presented the latest technologies including fat transfers and other autologous drugs treatments, detailing potential with side effects and treatment restrictions. Moreover, publication in part two in an extensive way presents the issue of stem cells of origin plant in the new, exciting era of biotechnology „sustainable weighted beauty”, currently referred to biotech beauty. Linking science and nature is the future of cosmetology, dermatology and related science.

Currently, cosmetology, trichology and dermatology are heading in the right direction, direction which is including a holistic approach to working with cosmetic clients or patients. Nevertheless, to be able to pursue them fully to implement, it is necessary to know the basic mechanisms of molecular processes that occur in the human body. In this respect it is essential to understand the extraordinary regenerative potential that stem cells show. In order to better understand molecular genesis of physiological processes such as aging or alopecia, it is necessary to approximate the interactions in terms of stem cells, skin microbiome, and gut microbiome as well approximation of the influence of the exposome on the modulation of skin health.

The book also covers the impact of diet on the functionality of stem cells in the thought of ancient Greek physicians – Dioscorides, author of De Materia Medica, and Hippocrates, the precursor of modern medicine, who emphasized the importance of diet in analogy to human health. It should be remembered that only a holistic approach promotes the success of aesthetic therapies.

Publication The role of stem cells in modern aesthetic medicine and cosmetology, due to its comprehensive approach, is addressed to students and practicing dermatologists, doctors operating in the field of aesthetic medicine, cosmetologists and trichologists as well as cosmetics production technologists. Professionals interested in the topic of stem cells will recognize this book as a valuable guide. Welcome to the world of stem cells.

1

STEM CELLS – INTRODUCTION

1.1. THE HISTORY OF STEM CELLS IN A NUTSHELL

In the last decade, the results of research on stem cells, as well as therapies using them, present wide range of potential opportunities. The term stem cell, or more precisely called Stammzelle, in German, was created at the beginning of the 19th century. However, the concept of stem cells saw the day light for the first time daily in the 20th century thanks to scientists whose main research interests concerned embryonic development. In 1981 appropriate research methods were used to obtain embryonic stem cells in animal models (mice). A moment earlier, because in 1978, the presence of stem cells in humans was identified in umbilical cord blood. However, what’s interesting the idea of stem cells in human blood was established in 1909. And in 1981 appeared first research results on mouse embryonic parental cells. In 1995, sheep were first cloned from embryonic cells.

One of the milestones was the moment of undertaking the first human bone marrow capping, which took place in 1957. That progress was appreciated by awarding the Nobel Prize to Dr. Edward Donnall Thomas in 1990. This turned out to be a breakthrough period in the history of cloning, when in 1996 Dolly the sheep was born.

In turn, the discovery from 1981 had an impact on research devoted to specialized stem cells, which resulted The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2007. Three years later, a therapy based on human stem cells embryos was successfully used on patient with a spinal injury. What important, in 2011 markers of hematopoietic cells were discovered, as well as human stem cells obtained from the cloned embryo. Nowadays, stem cells have many applications in a lot of medicine’s branches, partly in the form of applied therapies, especially in the field of regenerative medicine. However, in essence most stem cells are subjected to advanced scientific and clinical researches.

In the field of cosmetology, stem cells from plant extract were used for the first time in 2008. It came from an Swiss apple tree Uttwiler Spätlauber. In 2020, Dr. Elaine Fuchs was awarded Canada Gairdner International Award for discovering the role of adults skin stem cells in the process of wound healing, inflammation and skin homeostasis, as well as in cancer processes.