Recenzje

Betty i ja poznaliśmy dr Caroline Leaf dzięki Peterowi i Ann Pretoriusom, naszym partnerom misyjnym w Afryce. Byli nią zachwyceni, ponieważ miała ogromny wpływ na ludzi w Afryce Południowej. Zaprosiliśmy ją jako gościa do LIFE Today, gdzie nadal mogła docierać do ludzi – nie tylko w swoim własnym kraju, ale również w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Dr Leaf, neurobiolog, pokazuje powiązanie pomiędzy mózgiem a jedzeniem. Wielu ludzi zabija samych siebie tym, co jedzą albo czego nie jedzą. Wskazówki
dr Leaf zawarte na tych stronach z całą pewnością sprawią,
że pomyślimy dwa razy, zanim ugryziemy kolejny kęs, i przygotują nas do bycia lepszymi szafarzami ciał, które dał nam Bóg.

James Robinson, założyciel i prezes LIFE Outreach

International, założyciel i wydawca „The Stream”

Wielu ludzi choruje z powodu złych nawyków żywieniowych, podczas gdy całe rzesze pracują niewolniczo, żebyśmy mieli nadmiar taniego jedzenia. W książce Myśl i jedz mądrze dr Caroline Leaf pokazuje, jak możemy wykorzystać swój umysł, by nie tylko prowadzić świadomie zdrowsze i zintegrowane życie, ale również uczy, jak poprawić życie tych, którzy są krzywdzeni przez globalny przemysł żywieniowy.

Christine Caine, autorka książki Unstoppable

Prezentując dokładne badania nad systemem żywieniowym,
dr Leaf ostrzega przed pogorszeniem naszego zdrowia fizycznego, jeśli nie zejdziemy z niewłaściwej ścieżki. Jest jednak nadzieja. W tej wnikliwej książce dr Leaf pomaga zrozumieć, że za każdym razem, gdy jemy, dokonujemy wyboru. Za pomocą pouczającego połączenia naukowych badań i biblijnych zasad autorka pokazuje, że zdrowe jedzenie być może nie jest szybkie ani tanie, ale jest czymś, na co każdy może sobie pozwolić. Ta książka zmotywowała mnie do podejmowania zdrowszych decyzji żywieniowych i pomagania w tym innym.

David I. Levy, dr n. med., wykładowca neurochirurgii

na Uniwersytecie Kalifornijskim w San Diego; autor książki Gray Matter: A Neurosurgeon Discovers the Power of Prayer...
One Patient at a Time

To dla mnie zaszczyt i przyjemność móc zareklamować dr Caroline i jej nową książkę Myśl i jedz mądrze. Jej troska o dobro innych jest wyjątkowa i wiem, że prawdy i perspektywy zawarte na kartach tej książki rozświetlą umysły wielu ludzi. Żyjemy pochłonięci gonitwą za wieloma rzeczami – włączając w to jedzenie, ale także zdrowie, piękno, możliwości i wpływy. Jestem przekonany, że ta książka odmieni życie wielu osób i stanie się napędem dla prawd, dzięki którym życie staje się błogosławione, efektywne i owocne.

Bobbie Houston, Hillsong Church

Wiesz, że twoje ciało jest świątynią Ducha Świętego, a Bóg stworzył nas po to, byśmy Go wielbili? Myślałeś kiedyś o tym, że Bóg nie może działać poprzez ciebie, jeśli nie jesteś w stanie fizycznie wykonywać tego, czego On od ciebie chce? W swojej nowej książce Myśl i jedz mądrze dr Caroline Leaf wyjaśnia, w jaki sposób możemy prowadzić zdrowsze życie i mieć bystrzejszy umysł. Jest członkiem Gateway Church i przemawiała podczas naszych nabożeństw i konferencji. Jej wiedza medyczna, połączona z odkrywczą mądrością, całkowicie odmieni twoje życie.

Robert Morris, założyciel i pastor senior Gateway Church, autor bestselera Błogosławione życie

Dr Caroline Leaf znowu to zrobiła! Dr Leaf zagłębiła się w systemowy problem naszego życia i przedstawia nam systemowe rozwiązanie. Myśl i jedz mądrze jest książką duchowo natchnioną i popartą solidnymi faktami naukowymi na temat tego, jak myślimy i w jaki sposób nasze myśli wpływają na nasze wybory żywieniowe. Ta przemieniająca czytelnika książka jest pozycją obowiązkową dla wszystkich na naszej planecie. Nawiązuje ona do 2 Listu do Tymoteusza 1,7, który to przypomina że Bóg dał nam, poprzez niesamowitą moc w naszych zdrowych umysłach, zdolność do dokonywania mądrych wyborów i przemieniania świata.

Dr Edith David, pierwsza afroamerykańska geofizyczka, autorka książki How we really learn

Moja przyjaciółka, dr Caroline Leaf, ma niezwykłą zdolność tłumaczenia skomplikowanych zagadnień w sposób praktyczny i osiągalny. Jej umiejętność wnikania w kwestie zdrowia, zarówno fizycznego, jak i umysłowego, została w piękny sposób opisana na kartach tej książki. Jestem jej wdzięczna za porady, które trafiają prosto do serca. Widziałam, jak zmieniają one życie wielu ludzi, także tych, którzy mnie otaczają. Ta książka zmieni twoje myślenie i twoje życie.

Priscilla Shirer, nauczycielka i pisarka

Ogromnie cieszę się z książki napisanej przez kobietę, która naprawdę wie, o czym mówi, i każdego dnia żyje tak, jak pisze. Ostatni czas był dla mnie największym życiowym wyzwaniem ze względu na problemy zdrowotne i mimo że zawsze skupiałam się na dobrym odżywianiu i ćwiczeniach, moje ciało z całą pewnością potrzebowało czegoś więcej. Wiem, że ta książka stanie się i w twoich rękach narzędziem zmieniającym i ocalającym życie. Z całego serca dziękuję dr Caroline za to, że dała nam książkę pełną praktycznych rad i odpowiedzi na trudne pytania. Pokazała właściwe drogi, dzięki czemu każdy z nas może prowadzić życie zgodne z doskonałym Bożym planem.

Darlene Zschech

W książce Myśl i jedz mądrze Caroline pokazuje, w jaki sposób zwiększenie świadomości o emocjonalnych reakcjach na jedzenie wzmacnia naszą zdolność do podejmowania mądrych i przemyślanych decyzji dotyczących tego, co mamy jeść. W rezultacie wzmacniamy nie tylko nasze zdrowie fizyczne, ale również, co ważniejsze, nasze zdrowie umysłowe i zdolność do rozsądnych decyzji w codziennym życiu. Z całego serca polecam program Caroline dotyczący mądrego myślenia i jedzenia.

Dr Jeff Shwartz, psychiatra i autor książek

Jako lekarz i żona pastora widziałam niezliczone rzesze ludzi, którzy zapadają na choroby wywołane złymi dietami. Gorąco polecam tę książkę każdemu, kto pragnie mieć dobrą wagę i wspaniałe samopoczucie.

Dr Lillian Robertson, FACOG, Emmanuel Ministries

Zawsze doceniamy jasne, spójne i pomocne spojrzenie dr Leaf na kwestie dotyczące umysłu.

Gabe i Rebekah Lyon, założyciele Q

Zastanawiałeś się kiedyś, dlaczego jesz w taki, a nie inny sposób? Odpowiedzi na to i wiele innych pytań znajdziesz w książce Myśl i jedz mądrze. Dr Caroline Leaf gładko łączy ze sobą naukę i prawdy biblijne, tłumacząc sposób, w jaki nasze myślenie łączy się z naszymi nawykami żywieniowymi. Przeczytaj tę książkę i zdobądź wiedzę, której potrzebujesz, by poprawić swoje zdrowie!

John i Lisa Bevere, autorzy bestselerów,
współzałożyciele Messenger International

Laurie i ja nie możemy nachwalić się tej zmieniającej umysł i życie książki dr Leaf i modlimy się, żebyś ty również zyskał dzięki niej tak wiele, jak my.

Matt i Laurie Crouch, TBN

Dedykacja

Wszystkim, którzy chcą mieć zdrowe, zintegrowane życie, ducha, duszę i ciało i którzy są świadomi mocy umysłu – ta książka jest dedykowana.

Wszystkim, którzy mają świadomość odpowiedzialności, jaką niesie ze sobą szafarstwo tą piękną ziemią, którą Bóg dał nam w swojej łaskawości – ta książka jest dedykowana.

Podziękowania

Liczba godzin, które trzeba poświęcić na napisanie naukowej książki, jest nieskończona. Dlatego też możliwość napełniania tej studni bez dna badaniami, lekturami i myśleniem zawsze jest ekscytująca i pełna satysfakcji. A gdy informacja nabiera kształtu i zostaje uformowana w postaci myśli, jakie można logicznie wyrazić – co jest przedsięwzięciem nigdy niemającym końca ze względu na naturę nauki jako cyklu odkryć – wysoko wyspecjalizowany asystent badań staje się niezbędnym elementem do osiągnięcia sukcesu w projekcie tej natury.

Dlatego dziękuję Jessice, która nie tylko stała się takim asystentem, ale wykonywała swoją pracę dzięki wspaniałym umiejętnościom, profesjonalizmowi i błyskotliwości. Pomagała mi czytać, analizować i przechodzić przez pole minowe, jakim w dzisiejszym świecie stało się jedzenie – jest to zmaganie, z którym naprawdę musimy się zmierzyć. Odbyłyśmy wiele dyskusji podczas jej niestrudzonej pomocy w badaniach i szukania sensu w ogromie sprzecznych informacji. Pomogła mi powiązać ze sobą mnóstwo złożonych pojęć, doskonale i mądrze redagowała moje teksty. Spędziła godziny w kuchni, pomagając w tworzeniu i przygotowaniu ulubionych przepisów mojej rodziny, które znalazły się w tej książce. Zachęcała mnie, gdy czułam się przytłoczona nadmiarem pracy, próbując skończyć tę książkę w określonym terminie, w środku mojego napiętego planu podróży. Wykraczała daleko poza swoje obowiązki, pracując do późnych godzin nocnych. Jessica odegrała ogromną rolę, nadając tej książce odpowiedni kształt dzięki swojemu wspaniałemu umysłowi; z dumą mogę powiedzieć, że jest ona moją córką. Dziękuję, Jess. Twój wkład jest nieoceniony. Ta książka nie powstałaby bez ciebie.

Cała moja rodzina wzięła udział w tym procesie tworzenia: dziękuję mojemu najdroższemu mężowi, Macowi, który chyba nigdy się nie męczy słuchaniem mojego nauczania, którego ciągle fascynują moje przesłania i który zrezygnował z kwitnącego biznesu, żeby poprowadzić naszą organizację. On bezwarunkowo troszczy się o każdą moją potrzebę – jest wyjątkowy i wspaniały jako mąż, ojciec i biznesmen. Kocham cię bezgranicznie, Mac.

Dziękuję Dominique, mojej drugiej córce, która w trakcie swoich studiów na uniwersytecie potrafiła zachęcać mnie przez telefon. Ze swoją pasją do zdrowej, dobrej jakości żywności stała się świetnym testerem moich pomysłów. Ona również pomagała w kuchni przygotowywać pyszne potrawy.

Dziękuję Jeffreyowi, mojemu synowi, którego spokojna, filozoficzna natura trzymała nas wszystkich przy ziemi i zadziwiała podczas odbywających się w trakcie posiłków pełnych pasji dyskusji dotyczących walki z głodem i wielkimi korporacjami żywieniowymi.

Dziękuję Alex, mojej najmłodszej córce, która dosłownie rozciągała mój umysł, gdy musiałam dokładnie tłumaczyć jej neurobiologiczne pojęcia zawarte w tej książce, ponieważ jest to jej pole zainteresowań. To ona wymyśliła pojęcie „sposobu myślenia dotyczącego posiłku”.

Podziękowania otrzymuje również dr Peter Amua-Quarshie, który od siedmiu lat jest moim naukowym doradcą i cierpliwie wysłuchiwał moich dywagacji na temat naukowych paradygmatów dotyczących pamięci i myślenia, jednocześnie pilnując mojej naukowej dokładności. Spędził również miesiące, przeglądając ponad 1500 cytatów, nad którymi pracowałam.

W końcu chcę podziękować wyjątkowej ekipie wydawnictwa Baker Books – nie mogłabym wymarzyć sobie lepszej drużyny. Dali mi wolność do zgłębiania i opisywania moich badań, ponadto byli profesjonalni, wspierający i entuzjastyczni. Chad Allen, Karen Lee-Thorp, Brianna DeWitt, Mark Rice, Lindsey Spoolstra, Hannah Brinks i cała ekipo – dziękuję. Jesteście wspaniali.

Prolog

Być może słyszałeś, że nasz globalny system produkcji żywności jest pełen wad. Masz rację. Tak naprawdę jest chyba gorzej, niż możesz to sobie wyobrazić. Na szczęście jest nadzieja. Za pomocą naszych widelców możemy głosować za lepszymi działaniami, które szanują zdrowie ludzi i zdrowie naszej planety.

Jeżeli chcemy domagać się lepszego sposobu produkowania żywności, powinniśmy zwiększyć naszą wiedzę o jedzeniu i obecnych praktykach żywieniowych. Musimy poprawić nasze zdolności zakupowe i kulinarne. A co najważniejsze, musimy zmienić nasze podejście do jedzenia, zdrowia, uzdrawiania i odżywiania. Gdy otworzymy już swoje umysły na nowe, zdrowe podejście do jedzenia i zaczniemy usuwać ze swojego życia złe nawyki i niezdrową żywność, wejdziemy do kulinarnego świata, przepełnionego wspaniałymi zapachami, smakami, widokami, dźwiękami i uczuciami, które napełnią nasze usta i żołądki, oczy i serca radością.

Jednak takie zmiany będą wymagały czegoś więcej niż tylko odrobiny wysiłku. Ta książka nie jest dietą pt. „magiczny sposób na to, jak szybko i łatwo poczuć się lepiej”. Jest to długoterminowe wyzwanie dla poważnego problemu: co jeść w dzisiejszym świecie. Jest próbą przywrócenia kulturze myślenia o jedzeniu, wysiłku w jego przygotowywaniu, opartego na sumiennym szafarstwie ciałem i światem, które powierzył nam Bóg. W duchu odnawiania umysłu jest to książka dotycząca stylu życia. Ma ona zmienić obraz tego, co jemy, w obrębie zintegrowanego ducha, umysłu i ciała (Rz 12,2; 1 Tes 5,23).

Umysł jest w tej książce kluczowym czynnikiem. Zobaczysz, że myślenie odgrywa dominującą rolę w jedzeniu. Toksyczne myśli mogą zniweczyć pozytywne efekty dobrego odżywiania. Zdrowe myśli mogą wzmocnić efekty dobrego odżywiania i do pewnego stopnia złagodzić efekty złego odżywiania. W rzeczywistości zdrowe myśli prowadzą do lepszych decyzji żywieniowych. Jedzenie i myślenie tak bardzo się ze sobą przeplatają, że to, o czym myślisz przed, w trakcie i po jedzeniu, będzie miało wpływ na każdą z od 75 do 100 trylionów komórek w twoim ciele, włączając komórki w układzie trawiennym. Twój stan umysłu będzie miał negatywny albo pozytywny wpływ na twoje trawienie, a trawienie będzie miało negatywny albo pozytywny wpływ na stan umysłu.

Jednym z powodów, dla których czułam, że powinnam napisać tę książkę, był ogrom skomplikowanych i sprzecznych informacji dotyczących jedzenia, z którymi wszyscy się stykamy. Zawsze znajdzie się ktoś, kto będzie nam mówił, że ma rozwiązanie dla wszystkich nawyków żywieniowych i/lub ćwiczeniowych, sugerując, że jeśli nie będziemy postępować zgodnie z jego wskazówkami, na pewno umrzemy. Nawet wiele porad żywieniowych tzw. ekspertów często bazuje na przesadzonych korelacjach i niedokładnych interpretacjach. Podobnie działa warty około 50 miliardów dolarów przemysł suplementacyjny. Policzyłam, że jeśli miałabym postępować zgodnie z zasadami tylko jednej firmy, musiałabym trzy razy dziennie brać około 65 tabletek!

Prawda jest taka, że wszyscy jesteśmy wyjątkowi, co oznacza, że to, co w kwestii jedzenia, ćwiczenia i spania sprawdza się u mnie, niekoniecznie musi działać w twoim przypadku, nawet jeśli jest to zdrowy styl życia i dieta złożona z prawdziwego jedzenia, co omówię w części pierwszej.

Weźmy na przykład picie soków. Zyskało ono ogromną popularność i to z dobrego powodu – jest świetnym sposobem na wprowadzenie do codziennego spożycia wszystkich niezbędnych owoców i warzyw. Ale ja po spożyciu jakiegokolwiek soku czuję się ospale i źle (a próbowałam praktycznie wszystkich kombinacji). Wolę przyjmować moją codzienną porcję warzyw w inny sposób. Dlatego też ta książka nie da ci gotowego rozwiązania, raczej nauczy cię, jak rozwiązać swoje problemy z pomocą i prowadzeniem Ducha Świętego. Zamiast zastanawiać się, czy powinniśmy być paleo, weganami, wegetarianami, nie jeść glutenu, odżywiać się tylko roślinami, wybrać surowy weganizm, stosować dietę zgodną z grupą krwi czy nawet typem genetycznym (a wymieniłam tylko kilka diet, które są teraz popularne), dużo lepiej będzie zrozumieć podstawy jedzenia, całkowicie powiązaną relację pomiędzy myśleniem a jedzeniem i to, w jaki sposób nasza wyjątkowość rozprzestrzenia się na naszego ducha, duszę i ciało.

Książka ta jest podzielona na trzy części, które pomogą ci zapoznać się z tymi zagadnieniami. Część pierwsza, „Przyznaj to!”, dotyczy dysfunkcyjnego stanu naszego obecnego systemu żywienia oraz tego, jak daleko odszedł on od pojęcia prawdziwego jedzenia – prawdziwego systemu żywienia, danego nam przez Boga. Część druga, „Porzuć to!”, skupia się na mocy umysłu i wpływie toksycznego myślenia i wyborów toksycznego jedzenia na umysł i ciało. Część trzecia, „Pokonaj to!”, dotyczy zmian stylu życia, które pomogą ci zacząć mądrze myśleć i jeść. Zawiera dwadzieścia jeden ulubionych przepisów mojej rodziny, które pomogą ci wdrożyć te zmiany zdrowego stylu życia do twojej kuchni i brzucha!

Nie jestem dietetykiem, specjalistą ds. żywienia czy lekarzem medycyny. Sferą moich badań jest umysł i do jedzenia podchodzę z tej perspektywy. Po latach intensywnych badań nad aspektami związanymi z umysłem, mózgiem i ciałem z perspektywy naukowej nie uważam, że należy mieć stopień naukowy z żywienia, żeby wiedzieć, co włożyć do ust. Myślę, że poczucie, iż nie potrafimy podjąć decyzji dotyczących jedzenia bez pomocy „eksperta” jest oznaką tego, jak chory jest nasz system żywieniowy. Rzeczywiście obszar dotyczący żywienia jest ogromny, a badania nad nim tak rozbudowane, że książka tak niewielkich rozmiarów czy tej natury nie jest w stanie przedstawić wszystkich stron każdego argumentu. Musiałam dokonywać wyborów, ale załączyłam tyle źródeł, ile byłam w stanie, żeby cię zachęcić do podejmowania własnych decyzji – do tego, byś się mądrze odżywiał na każdym etapie twojego życia.

Bóg dał nam wybór: życie lub śmierć, błogosławieństwa lub przekleństwa (5 Rdz 30,19). Dał nam również, przez niesamowitą moc w naszych zdrowych umysłach, zdolność do działania zgodnie z tymi decyzjami i przemieniania naszego świata (2 Tm 1,7).

A świat, w którym żyjemy, desperacko potrzebuje przemiany. Współcześnie prawie miliard ludzi głoduje, a prawie dwa miliardy mają nadwagę lub są otyłe1. Rzeczywiście po raz pierwszy w naszej zapisanej historii miliony ludzi na całym świecie mają zarówno nadwagę, jak i cierpią głód: umierają na choroby wywołane stylem życia, którym można by było zapobiec2. Eksploatacja i marnotrawienie naturalnych ziemskich zasobów, połączone z rosnącą w szalonym tempie populacją ludzi i wzrostem liczby chronicznych chorób, doprowadziły do tego, że wiele osób zadaje sobie pytanie, co powinniśmy jeść, jak powinniśmy jeść i jaki współczesny system produkcji żywności wpływa na te zagadnienia.

Pomimo wszystkich naszych zalet – a z wielu możemy być dumni – miliony ludzi są skazane na spędzanie swojego życia w gabinetach lekarskich lub umieranie z ogromnego głodu; reszta z nas jest zwodzona najnowszymi poradami żywieniowymi, kampaniami marketingowymi oraz pełną kalorii żywnością pochodzącą z globalnego przemysłu żywieniowego.

Co dokładnie sprawia, że nie potrafimy unikać chorób i przedwczesnej śmierci, którym w dużej mierze można by było zapobiec? W jaki sposób nasze wybory doprowadziły nas do tej destrukcyjnej drogi, z dala od doskonałego Bożego planu (Jr 29,11)?

Te tragiczne fakty zmuszają nas do poddania w wątpliwość sposobu, w jaki myślimy o naszym jedzeniu. Jako szafarze Bożego stworzenia (1 Rdz 1-2) jesteśmy odpowiedzialni nie tylko za swoje własne dobro – ducha, duszę i ciało – ale również za dobro całego świata: świata, który Bóg tak umiłował, że posłał swojego jedynego Syna, by go zbawił (J 3,16)3.

Niczego nie zmienimy, dopóki w pełni nie zrozumiemy, gdzie leży błąd. Tak jak każde działanie zaczyna się od myśli, tak samo my, jako dzieci Stworzyciela tego pięknego wszechświata, najpierw musimy zrozumieć, jak doszło do zniszczenia systemu żywieniowego, z czym stajemy obecnie twarzą w twarz
(Kol 1,15-20). Powinniśmy oddać te myśli i problemy Jezusowi Chrystusowi i prosić Go, by prowadził nasze umysły i pokazywał drogę (2 Kor 10,5). A gdy odnowimy sposób, w jaki myślimy o tym, co jemy i jak jemy, wtedy zrobimy pierwszy krok do odnowienia naszego zdrowia i zdrowia wspaniałej Bożej planety (Rz 12,2).

Wybór należy do nas.

CZĘŚĆ 1 - PRZYZNAJ TO!

1 Prawdziwa żywność i szalony sposób jedzenia

Logo McDonald’s jest dzisiaj bardziej rozpoznawalne niż chrześcijański krzyż1. I podczas gdy krzyż symbolizuje chrześcijaństwo, litera M z logo McDonald’s może być postrzegana jako obraz tego, co znamy pod nazwą dieta zachodnia, prawidłowo nazywana od swojego akronimu MAD: Modern American Diet2*.

Różnorodność diety

W ciągu całej naszej historii ludzie żyli na różnych dietach3. Na przykład pierwsze ludy zamieszkujące Hawaje stosowały dietę, którą w dzisiejszym języku żywieniowym można nazwać „wysokim spożyciem węglowodanów”, (high carb) – większość spożywanych kalorii pochodziła z pożywienia, które było tradycyjnie uprawiane na wyspie4. Tradycyjna dieta afrykańskich Masajów, na której dorastał mój mąż Mac, w dużej mierze składała się z wołowiny z krów karmionych trawą, włączając w to krew krów i produkty mleczne. Ludzie zamieszkujący japońską wyspę Okinawa stosowali zwykle dietę w dużej mierze wegetariańską, z ograniczoną ilością ryb i produktów pochodzenia zwięrzęcego5. Tradycyjne kuchnie są równie zróżnicowane, co pyszne.

Ludzie potrafią dostosować się do różnego pożywienia. Na przykład pierwsi badacze diety śródziemnomorskiej odkryli, że przybyszom, którzy przybywają na Kretę, przystosowanie się do diety jej mieszkańców, a zwłaszcza do spożywania oliwy z oliwek, zajmuje kilka tygodni. Rzeczywiście, po początkowym okresie dolegliwości żołądkowych, po kilku tygodniach obcokrajowcy przyznali, że ich nawyki żywieniowe i zdrowie uległy poprawie6. Podobnie z upływem czasu niektóre populacje lepiej dostosowały się do trawienia skrobi, czego wynikiem była zwiększona liczba kopii genu AMY 1 enzymu amylazy, dzięki któremu ci ludzie łatwiej rozkładają węglowodany7.

Istotne różnice w diecie można znaleźć nie tylko pomiędzy różnymi społecznościami, ale również wewnątrz nich. Na przykład w mojej rodzinie musieliśmy nauczyć się, jak zarządzać różnymi rodzajami żywności. Ja toleruję tylko posiłki o delikatnym smaku, a po zjedzeniu grzybów, glutenu, awokado czy orzechów jestem od razu chora. Z kolei mój mąż i trzy córki uwielbiają awokado, pieczarki i orzechy i jedzą dobrze przyprawione ostre potrawy. Jednak moje najstarsze córki źle trawią laktozę, podczas gdy moja najmłodsza córka ma romans z żółtym serem. Z kolei mój syn może jeść wszystko, łącznie z glutenem i nabiałem. Jak z pewnością możesz sobie wyobrazić, podjęcie decyzji dotyczącej obiadu jest niezłym wyzwaniem!

Wszystkie badania nad dietami potwierdzają, że nie istnieje jeden sposób jedzenia, który sprawdzałby się u wszystkich ludzi. Bóg stworzył tłuszcze, węglowodany, proteiny i wszystkie pozostałe ważne odżywcze budulce, które tworzą spożywane przez nas jedzenie – wszystkie są doskonale i misternie zbalansowane w prawdziwym, pełnym pożywieniu. Dlatego wszyscy musimy eksperymentować w związku z naszą indywidualną sytuacją i tak jak Daniel na dworze Babilonu, znaleźć taki sposób jedzenia, który skupia się wokół Boga i pozwala nam na przetrwanie i wypełnianie Bożej woli (Dn 1). Zostaliśmy wspaniale stworzeni, a ta wyjątkowość przenika każdą część naszego życia, włączając to, co jemy (Ps 139,14). My, tak jak Daniel i jego towarzysze, musimy znaleźć taki sposób jedzenia, który do nas pasuje, dzięki czemu będziemy mogli brać udział w wyścigu, jaki ustanowił dla nas Bóg (Hbr 12,1).

Prawdziwe jedzenie jest zaprogramowane dla miłości

Jest jednak jedna rzecz, która łączy ludzi z opisanych wyżej kultur: oni spożywają prawdziwe jedzenie8. To z początku może brzmieć jak oczywistość. Co innego możemy jeść, jeśli nie prawdziwe jedzenie? Niestety, to właśnie tutaj MAD jest wyjątkowa. Oprócz widocznej różnorodności żywności w naszych sklepach, restauracjach i domach wiele dostępnych dzisiaj produktów jest przemysłowo przetworzonych, są „produktami jedzeniopodobnymi”, jak nazywa je dziennikarz i działacz Michael Pollan9. Zawierają nieznane substancje, które przedłużają ich żywotność i wzmacniają smak, a pochodzą często od zaledwie trzech przetworzonych składników: kukurydzy, soi i pszenicy10.

Prawdziwe jedzenie jest hodowane w taki sposób, w jaki zaplanował Bóg: świeże i odżywcze, głównie lokalne, sezonowe, karmione trawą, tak dzikie jak to możliwe, wolne od syntetycznych substancji chemicznych, w całości lub minimalnie przetworzone, zróżnicowane ekologicznie. Jest hodowane zgodnie z Bożym geniuszem i przepływa przez połączone ze sobą ekosystemy, ponieważ nasze ekosystemy zostały stworzone przez Niego.

Jeżeli miałabym wymienić jeden temat, który przewijał się przez badania, jakie wykonałam do tej książki, to dotyczyłby on tego, że nasze systemy żywienia są zaprogramowane do miłości: jeżeli troszczymy się o sposób, w jaki nasze jedzenie powstaje, i troszczymy się „o to, co jedzą zwierzęta, które my jemy”, wtedy spożywamy pokarmy, które nas najlepiej odżywiają11. Na przykład ludzie (jak wiele innych gatunków) najbardziej lubią te owoce, które są świeże, dojrzałe i soczyste, co ma również miejsce wtedy, gdy te owoce są niezwykle odżywcze12. Podobnie mięso zwierząt, które są traktowane humanitarnie i żyją w środowisku bogatym ekologicznie, ma więcej wartości odżywczych, wyższą zawartość kwasów tłuszczowych omega-3, a to tylko jedna z wielu korzyści13. Słowa: sezonowy, naturalny i lokalny nie są tylko modnymi hasłami. One faktycznie oznaczają decyzje żywieniowe, oparte o rosnące dowody korzyści płynących z lokalnie produkowanej żywności, hodowanej w silnych, zróżnicowanych ekosystemach i konsumowanej jako bardzo świeża w świecie, w którym nie każdy jest rolnikiem. Istotnie, wielu najlepszych szefów kuchni zaopatruje się w lokalną, oryginalnie hodowaną żywność niekoniecznie ze względu na jej wartości odżywcze, ale na jej zdrowy i bogaty smak – dobre odżywianie i dobry smak są nierozdzielne14.

Rolnictwo organiczne kontra konwencjonalne

W celu zrozumienia, co oznacza prawdziwe jedzenie, musimy zbadać gorący temat: rolnictwo organiczne. Wyrażenia organiczny i konwencjonalny są kontrastowe i mają wiele interpretacji. Zasadniczo rolnictwo organiczne opiera się głównie na biologii lub „stosowaniu żywych organizmów zamiast syntetycznych związków chemicznych”, podczas gdy rolnictwo konwencjonalne opiera się głównie na chemii, z zastosowaniem syntetycznych substancji, takich jak pestycydy i hormony wzrostu15.

W ciągu ostatnich kilku dekad konwencjonalne rolnictwo zaczęło dominować w globalnym przemyśle żywieniowym. Ta dominacja pomogła zbudować współczesny przemysł żywieniowy, z jego wielkimi supermarketami i fast foodami, poprzez zwiększenie produkcji za niższą cenę16. Rolnictwo organiczne, ze względu na fakt, że rzadko używa środków chemicznych, musi dostosować się do lokalnego środowiska. Ta adaptacja sprzyja bioróżnorodności poprzez mniejszą i bardziej zróżnicowaną produkcję17. Zatem gospodarstwa organiczne uważa się za bardziej ekologiczne – zużywają one o około 30 proc. mniej energii niż konwencjonalne gospodarstwa i są mniej toksyczne dla żywych organizmów18.

Syntetyczne substancje chemiczne, stosowane w gospodarstwach konwencjonalnych, są oczywiście przed zastosowaniem testowane pod względem bezpieczeństwa. Są jednak badane indywidualnie i w laboratoriach, a nie w złożonych warunkach prawdziwego świata. Na przykład jeden pestycyd w szczątkowych ilościach może być uznany za nieszkodliwy w konsumpcji, ale co stanie się w przypadku połączenia wszystkich zastosowanych substancji chemicznych19? Jeżeli weźmiemy pod uwagę około 516 milionów funtów** pestycydów, którymi każdego roku zraszane są konwencjonalne pola w samych tylko Stanach Zjednoczonych, to takie pytanie powinno nas głęboko zaniepokoić20. Jaki jest skumulowany efekt tych sztucznych substancji, szczególnie w naszym przeładowanym chemią świecie, gdzie w każdym momencie w naszym ciele znajduje się ponad 100 syntetycznych substancji21? A co z około 200 milionami funtów toksycznych substancji, które przemysł rolniczy wprowadza co roku do amerykańskiego systemu wodnego22? Dr Tyrone Hayes, biolog i profesor na uniwersytecie w Berkley, zauważa, że jest to sytuacja podobna do tej, w której twój lekarz przepisuje ci nowy lek, nie pytając o specyfiki, które już bierzesz23. Dodatkowo coraz więcej badań sugeruje, że nawet znikome, „bezpieczne” ilości chemicznych substancji mogą tak naprawdę być bardziej szkodliwe niż ich większe ilości, zwłaszcza dla systemu hormonalnego24.

Musimy również zadać sobie pytanie, na ile miarodajne są te badania laboratoryjne, przeprowadzane głównie na zwierzętach, a realizowane w żywności dla ludzi. Z etycznych powodów nie możemy poddać ludzi podobnym badaniom laboratoryjnym (chociaż całkowicie się zgadzam, że istnieją też poważne wątpliwości dotyczące testów na zwierzętach). Jednak wyniki badań przeprowadzonych na zwierzętach nie dają stuprocentowej pewności, że takie związki chemiczne mogą być przyjmowane przez ludzi bez konsekwencji dla ich zdrowia25. Badania na zwierzętach są tak naprawdę tylko tym: badaniami na zwierzętach. Nie możemy przekopiować i przenieść wyników tych eksperymentów na prawdziwe ludzkie życie. W nauce brak szkodliwości niekoniecznie równa się obecności bezpieczeństwa, ponieważ nie jest to system całkowitej pewności26. Niestety, substancje syntetyczne stosuje się nie tylko w konwencjonalnym rolnictwie, ale również w konwencjonalnych tuczarniach, dlatego właśnie produkty organiczne pochodzenia zwierzęcego mają kilka wyjątkowych zastrzeżeń. Na przykład USDA*** wymaga, by zwierzęta organiczne były hodowane na certyfikowanej ziemi organicznej, karmione organiczną trawą lub zbożem, nigdy nie dostawały antybiotyków ani hormonów wzrostu i miały dostęp do wolnego wybiegu27. Jest jednak luka pozwalająca na interpretowanie tych przepisów bez względu na to, jak szczęśliwie kury wyglądają na opakowaniu28. Na przykład „dostęp do wolnego wybiegu” może być tylko małym skrawkiem brudu na jakimś dużym, certyfikowanym gospodarstwie organicznym, na którym zwierzęta mają ograniczoną możliwość wypasu29.

Kompleks organiczno-przemysłowy

Gdy mówimy o operacjach organicznych na dużą skalę, zacieramy niektóre korzyści płynące ze wspomnianego wyżej rolnictwa organicznego. Pollan w The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals zadaje pytanie o to, w jaki sposób masowy transport produktów organicznych przez wszystkie stany, a również przez różne kraje, jest przyjazny dla środowiska. Co z wpływem na środowisko organicznych operacji rolniczych dokonywanych na dużą skalę? A co z okazyjnym wykorzystaniem organicznych pestycydów, stosowanych czasem w większych ilościach niż ich syntetyczne odpowiedniki dla tego samego efektu30?

Ponieważ jednym z podstawowych ideałów ruchu organicznego jest odbudowa relacji pomiędzy konsumentem a producentem, a przez to przywrócenie zaufania i wzajemnych zobowiązań na arenie produkcji żywności, wzrost produkcji organicznej jest kłopotliwy31. Skąd mogę wiedzieć, że moje jedzenie powstało w najbardziej organiczny sposób ze wszystkich możliwych, skoro mieszkam z dala od rolników, którzy je hodują? Jak świeży, odżywczy i „zrównoważony” jest taki system, szczególnie gdy moje warzywa są zbierane, przewożone i pakowane na wiele dni, a czasem nawet tygodni przedtem, zanim je zjem32? Zatem przy wyborze prawdziwego jedzenia musimy myśleć o duchu organicznego rolnictwa zamiast ślepo przyjmować etykietę „organiczny”.

Prawdziwe jedzenie i współczesny supermarket

Teraz, gdy poznaliśmy definicję prawdziwego jedzenia i mamy jakieś pojęcie na temat różnicy pomiędzy rolnictwem konwencjonalnym a organicznym, możemy przyjrzeć się naszym lokalnym supermarketom i ocenić, jak prawdziwe jest jedzenie tam sprzedawane.

Zacznijmy od żywności organicznej. Słowo organiczny nabrało wśród konsumentów wręcz religijnego znaczenia, jest w nim jednak subtelna pułapka: żywność organiczna również może być rafinowana, konserwowana i wysoko przetworzona. Ktoś reflektuje na organiczne ciastka po organicznym obiedzie odgrzanym w mikrofalówce i zjedzonym przed telewizorem? Określenia organiczny i zdrowy nie są zamienne33. Wiemy już, że prawdziwa żywność to żywność „w całości”: nieprzetworzone owoce i warzywa, mięsa, produkty mleczne, orzechy, nasiona i zboże. Prawdziwa żywność powinna być przetwarzana w kuchni, a nie w fabryce.

Powinniśmy dokładnie przyglądać się żywności, która jest pakowana i transportowana setki mil, ponieważ jest to kolejna pułapka przemysłu żywieniowego. Hodowane organicznie kiwi, które pochodzi z Nowej Zelandii, jest świetną opcją pod warunkiem, że żyjesz w tym kraju; niestety, nie można powiedzieć tego samego mieszkańcom Teksasu. Dlaczego? Cóż, jeżeli chcemy przedłużyć żywotność, poprawić wygląd, zapach, smak i konsystencję takich produktów – zarówno organicznych, jak i konwencjonalnych – które przemierzają długie dystanse, należy coś zrobić, żeby zapobiec ich gniciu. Taka żywność musi być w jakiś sposób przetworzona, nawet jeśli to „przetwarzanie” oznacza zrywanie owoców, gdy są jeszcze niedojrzałe, i dodawanie do opakowania gazów, dzięki czemu owoce wytrzymają długodystansowy transport34.

Przewóz żywności na długich dystansach sprawia, że nie jest ona w stanie w pełni nas odżywić. Na przykład brokuły dwa do trzech dni po zapakowaniu tracą wiele swoich substancji odżywczych, a większość po tygodniu35. Również wiele owoców cytrusowych zrywa się, zanim dojrzeją i spryskuje się je gazem etylenowym, dzięki czemu możemy potem kupić owoc, który ma żywe kolory, ale niekoniecznie jest bardziej dojrzały i odżywczy niż w swojej poprzedniej, zielonej formie36. Etykieta „świeży” w supermarkecie nie oznacza, że owoce czy warzywa zostały zerwane tego dnia czy nawet tego samego miesiąca37. W większości przypadków „świeży” oznacza, że te owoce zgniją szybciej niż wysoko przetworzone, nasycone cukrem produkty, które można znaleźć w środkowych przejściach sklepu38. Faktycznie, jak „świeże” mogą być twoje warzywa, jeśli w drodze do supermarketu przebyły 1500 mil – średnią trasę, jaką „produkty jedzeniopodobne” pokonują w Stanach Zjednoczonych39?

Mimo że logiczne wydaje się zapobieganie gniciu żywności, co ma nas uchronić przed chorobami, powinniśmy jednak najpierw zadać sobie proste pytanie: Dlaczego prawdziwa, pełna żywność w ogóle się psuje? Odpowiedź brzmi: ponieważ powinniśmy spożywać pokarm, który jest jak najświeższy, podobnie jak manna dana Izraelitom na pustyni (2 Rdz 16). Jak wyjaśnia Pollan w książce Food Rules, składniki odżywcze w większości pokarmów (z wyjątkiem niektórych, takich jak miód) przyciągają nie tylko nas, ale również inne żywe organizmy, łącznie z mikrobami, które sprawiają, że żywność gnije, przez co my chorujemy40. Żeby stworzyć żywność, która na półce sklepowej może leżeć dniami, tygodniami, a nawet miesiącami i którą można przewozić między krajami, korporacje żywieniowe muszą ograniczyć składniki odżywcze, dodając konserwanty i dodatki w celu zachowania świeżości, smaku i konsystencji41.

Pułapka „długoterminowej żywności” może mieć bezpośredni wpływ na nasze zdrowie. Weźmy na przykład przeciętny bochenek chleba. W celu dostosowania produkcji chleba do celów przemysłu żywieniowego i supermarketów, których zadaniem jest tanie i wydajne produkowanie żywności, usuwa się z niego kiełki pszenicy, zawierające naturalne oleje, nadające chlebowi jego prawdziwy, pełny smak i wartości odżywcze, ponieważ sprawiają one, że chleb gnije po jednym dniu. Żeby uzupełnić stratę smaku i konsystencji, z pszenicy, która jest wysoko przetworzona na białą mąkę, piecze się produkty chlebopodobne, które zawierają konserwanty i takie dodatki, jak niesławny syrop glukozowo-fruktozowy42. W przypadku wielu chlebów organicznych, pakowanych, które mogą przetrwać wiele dni, dodaje się cukry organiczne i inne noszące dziwne nazwy składniki.

Konserwanty i dodatki wywołują poważne skutki uboczne43. Na przykład azodikarbonamid, syntetyczny związek chemiczny, stosowany do produkcji gumy i plastiku, wykorzystuje się w Stanach Zjednoczonych jako dodatek do żywności pod nazwą E927 do wybielania mąki i spulchniania ciasta w przemysłowej produkcji chleba44. Ten sam związek chemiczny może prowadzić
u pracowników, którzy się z nim stykają, do problemów z oddychaniem, takich jak astma i alergie. Nie istnieją również żadne obszerne badania, które wykazałyby, że ten dodatek jest bezpieczny w konsumpcji na dużą skalę45. W rezultacie Światowa Organizacja Zdrowia (WHO) informuje, iż ludzie powinni unikać tego środka chemicznego, ponieważ ryzyko związane z połknięciem go jest praktycznie nieznane, a w wielu krajach (takich jak kraje Unii Europejskiej i Singapur) jego zastosowanie jest nielegalne46.

Wydajność i dostępność same w sobie są często pułapkami i wiążą się z kosztami, których, w przypadku wielu współczesnych produktów, nie widać w cenie. Główną częścią tej ukrytej ceny jest zredukowana wartość odżywcza, utrata pełnego smaku oraz wpływ, jaki ta żywność ma na nasze zdrowie fizyczne, którym ryzykujemy, w zamian za wygodny posiłek o przedłużonej dacie przydatności do spożycia, jaki znajdujemy na naszych półkach sklepowych. Zamiast więc pozbawiać chleb kiełków pszenicy dla własnej wygody, zastanówmy się najpierw, dlaczego w ogóle Bóg stworzył pszenicę w tej postaci.

Jednak nawet jeśli unikamy alejek z pieczywem, architektoniczna konstrukcja współczesnych supermarketów, zaprojektowanych tak, by wpływać na decyzje zakupowe, stanowi zagrożenie dla naszego zdrowia. Na przykład sklepy spożywcze celowo umieszczają cukierki i batoniki przy kasie, żeby propagować „zakupy impulsywne”. Im mniej czasu spędzimy, zastanawiając się nad efektami zdrowotnymi, wynikającymi ze spożycia zbyt dużej ilości cukru, tym chętniej kupimy cukierek47. Podobnie zdrowe produkty znajdują się często na dolnych półkach, podczas gdy produkty przetworzone, pełne cukru, umieszczone w jasnych opakowaniach znajdują się na wysokości naszego wzroku, zachęcając nas do częstszego ich kupowania48.

Zatem jak prawdziwe jest jedzenie w supermarketach? Powtórzę – prawdziwe jedzenie jest świeże i odżywcze, głównie lokalne, sezonowe, karmione trawą, tak dzikie, jak to możliwe, wolne od syntetycznych związków chemicznych, całe lub minimalnie przetworzone i zróżnicowane ekologicznie. Widzimy w naszych supermarketach, że nawet świeży produkt nie jest taki świeży. Żywność nie jest już cała, ale przetworzona, żeby przedłużyć jej żywotność na półce. Podróżuje wiele kilometrów. A syntetycznych związków chemicznych używa się z pełną swobodą. Nawet to szybkie ujęcie wygląda blado.

Lepsze podejście: stańmy się „agroekologiczni”

Jeżeli nasz najbliższy supermarket nie jest dobrym źródłem prawdziwego jedzenia, to jakie mamy inne opcje? Skupimy się na tym pytaniu bardziej szczegółowo w części trzeciej, ale teraz dam ci zarys rozwiązania, na jakie wpadła moja rodzina.

Dla uzyskania pewności, że żywność, którą jemy, jest świeża, pełna składników odżywczych i zdrowa, jak to tylko możliwe, kiedy tylko możemy, kupujemy lokalną, produkowaną organicznie żywność. Mimo że „kupowanie lokalnych produktów” stało się w ostatnich latach trendem, tak naprawdę zarówno praktyki rolnictwa organicznego, jak i konwencjonalnego mogą być lokalne; nie istnieje żadna oficjalna definicja49. My rozumiemy to jako zaledwie świadomość tego, co kryje się na naszych talerzach z obiadem – głównie dlatego, że taka żywność jest droższa. W celu osiągnięcia tego celu na tyłach naszego ogrodu zasadziliśmy zioła i kilka drzew owocowych (prace nad nimi trwają), należymy również do systemu Rolnictwa Wspieranego przez Społeczność (CSA****) – jest to rodzaj spółdzielni, w której kupujemy mięso, jajka, mamy również dostawy z lokalnych, prowadzonych organicznie gospodarstw, które otrzymujemy regularnie co dwa tygodnie. Jeżeli zachodzi taka konieczność, uzupełniamy naszą żywność z CSA o produkty zakupione w sklepach należących do lokalnych rolników. Większość naszych posiłków gotujemy w domu, a od czasu do czasu idziemy na pyszny obiad do lokalnej restauracji działającej przy gospodarstwie. Jeżeli mamy zapłacić więcej za takie jedzenie niż za to, które sami hodujemy lub kupujemy, wtedy staramy się mądrze zarządzać pieniędzmi, ponieważ postrzegamy je oraz całe stworzenie jako dar od Boga, za który będziemy odpowiadać (Mt 25,14-30). Gdy kupujemy lokalne produkty, hodowane w sposób zrównoważony i organiczny albo warzywa z marketu lub sklepu spożywczego lokalnych rolników, wtedy nie tylko budujemy relację z ludźmi, którzy produkują i sprzedają nasze jedzenie, ale mamy również dostęp z pierwszej ręki do wiedzy o tym, w jaki sposób nasze jedzenie rosło, oraz do produktów świeższych i przez to bardziej odżywczych50.

W rezultacie dzięki tej wiedzy bardziej doceniamy wspaniały dar prawdziwego jedzenia. Dzięki niej możemy również wspierać wspaniałych ludzi w naszej społeczności, którzy ciężko pracują, by wyhodować tę żywność, troszczą się o nasze lokalne środowisko i wielbią naszego cudownego Stwórcę (Mt 14,19). Łatwo jest uwierzyć w Boga, gdy się widzi Jego majestatyczną pracę w naturze, włączając w to krowi nawóz, robaki i krzewy cukinii!

W celu zdefiniowania prawdziwego jedzenia stosujemy miarę „agroekologiczną”. Jest to osobliwy sposób powiedzenia, że z miłości do Bożego stworzenia i bliźniego chcemy szanować i rozumieć środowisko, w którym rośnie nasza żywność, ludzi, którzy ją hodują i ludzi, którzy ją jedzą. Agroekologiczne metody rolnictwa to głównie naśladowanie, przystosowywanie się i praca z naturą51.

Nie jestem jednak przeciwna kupowaniu żywności, która rośnie w innych regionach świata. Jesteśmy rodziną, która kocha kawę, herbatę, ciemną czekoladę, banany, mango i komosę ryżową – wszystkie te produkty pochodzą spoza Stanów Zjednoczonych. Staramy się jednak również do tych produktów przykładać miarę agroekologiczną: kupujemy tylko te, które pochodzą ze sprawiedliwego handlu, zrównoważonej i organicznej produkcji. Te produkty nie tylko pomagają mieszkańcom regionów, w których wyrosły, wyjść z biedy poprzez wspieranie lokalnej gospodarki, ekosystemu i niezależnych rolników, ale są również o wiele smaczniejsze i bardziej odżywcze niż ich przeładowana chemią konkurencja52. Wierzę, że lokalny, zrównoważony system żywieniowy może włączać wiele aspektów globalnych tak, jak ruch Slow Food (który rozpoczął się we Włoszech jako odpowiedź na uprzemysłowienie naszego systemu żywieniowego), bo jest zdominowany przez globalne docenianie prawdziwej, wolno przygotowywanej i produkowanej żywności53.

W końcu wszystkie nasze wybory zaczynają się od myśli, a poddanie każdej myśli Jezusowi Chrystusowi dotyczy również myśli o jedzeniu. Ważne, byśmy w każdej sferze naszego życia tak dążyli do doskonałości, włączając w to żywność, którą kupujemy i spożywamy, jak doskonały jest nasz Ojciec w niebie
(Mt 5,48). Jako rodzina praktykujemy zatem na tyle, na ile potrafimy, coś co nazywane jest świadomą konsumpcją: myśl, zanim kupisz54. Jak apostoł Paweł napisał: „Czy jecie, czy pijecie, czy cokolwiek czynicie, wszystko czyńcie na chwałę Bożą” (1 Kor 10,31). Z upływem czasu wytworzył się u nas oparty na miłości nawyk myślenia o tym, w jaki sposób nasza żywność powstała – omówię go dokładnie w części drugiej i trzeciej tej książki.

Jednak zanim skupimy się na rozwiązaniach, musimy przyjrzeć się dokładniej wadom naszego współczesnego przemysłu żywieniowego. Naszym kolejnym tematem będą problemy wywołane masową produkcją zbiorów i hodowlą zwierząt.

Przypisy

1 World Health Organization. „Obesity and Overweight: Fact Sheet.” January 2015. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/; World Food Program. „Hunger Statistics.” 2014. http://www.wfp.org/hunger/stats; Patel, Raj. Stuffed and Starved: The Hidden Battle for the World Food System. Brooklyn, NY: Melville House, 2014. 9–29; Gustafson, Ellen. We the Eaters: If We Change Dinner, We Can Change the World. New York: Rodale, 2014. v–xx.

2 Dolnick, Sam. „The Obesity–Hunger Paradox.” New York Times. March 14, 2010; Bogart, W. A. Regulating Obesity?: Government, Society, and Questions of Health. Oxford University Press, 2013. 168; Bauer, Jean W. Rural Families and Work Context and Problems. New York: Springer, 2011. 80; Gustafson, We the Eaters, 1–30.

3 Wright, N. T. Surprised by Scripture: Engaging Contemporary Issues. San Francisco: HarperOne, 2014. 83–106.

Rozdział 1: Prawdziwa żywność i szalony sposób jedzenia

1 Schlosser, Eric. Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal. Boston: Mariner Books/Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012. Kindle Edition, 4, 282.

2 Gustafson, We the Eaters, 191; Graham, Tyler, and Drew Ramsey. The Hap- piness Diet: A Nutritional Prescription for a Sharp Brain, Balanced Mood, and Lean, Energized Body. Emmaus: Rodale, 2012. Kindle Edition, 15–33.

3 Price, Weston A. Nutrition and Physical Degeneration: A Comparison of Primitive and Modern Diets and Their Effects. Redlands, CA: Price Pottenger Nutrition Foundation, 1945; Minger, Denise. Death by Food Pyramid. Malibu, CA: Primal Blueprint Publishing, 2013. Kindle Edition, 215–44; Ungar, Peter S., and Mark Franklyn Teaford. Human Diet: Its Origin and Evolution. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey, 2002. 78; Fitzgerald, Matt. Diet Cults: The Surprising Fallacy at the Core of Nutrition Fads and a Guide to Healthy Eating for the Rest of Us. 2014. Kindle Edition, 3, 83; Nabhan, Gary Paul. Why Some Like It Hot: Food, Genes, and Cultural Diversity. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2004.

4 Laudan, Rachel. The Food of Paradise: Exploring Hawaii’s Culinary Heri- tage. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 1996; Fitzgerald, Diet Cults, 150.

5 Rosenbaum, MW, et al. Okinawa: A Naturally Calorie Restricted Population. In: Everitt A. V., ed. Calorie Restriction, Aging and Longevity. New York: Springer Science, 2010. 43–53; Willcox, DC, et al. „The Okinawan Diet: Health Implications of a Low-Calorie, Nutrient-Dense, Antioxidant-Rich Dietary Pattern Low in Gly- cemic Load.” Journal of the American College of Nutrition 28 (2009): 500S–516S.

6 Matalas, Antonia-Leda. The Mediterranean Diet: Constituents and Health Promotion. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2001. 205–25; Fitzgerald, Diet Cults, 34.

7 Mandel, Abigail L., and Paul A. S. Breslin. „High Endogenous Salivary Amylase Activity Is Associated with Improved Glycemic Homeostasis Following Starch Ingestion in Adults,” Journal of Nutrition 142, no. 5 (2012): 853–8; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 206.

8 Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York: Penguin, 2007. Kindle Edition, 3–17; Pollan, Michael. In Defense of Food: An Eater’s Manifesto. New York: Penguin, 2008. Kindle Edition, 1–27.

9 Pollan, In Defense of Food, 1–27.

10 Ibid.; Patel, Stuffed and Starved, 9–19; Graham and Ramsey, The Happiness Diet, 15–33; Cheney, Ian, et al. King Corn. New York: Docurama Films, 2008; Kenner, Robert, et al. Food, Inc. Los Angeles: Magnolia Home Entertainment, 2009; Nestle, Marion, and Mike Peters. Eat Drink Vote: An Illustrated Guide to Food Politics. New York: Rodale, 2013. 2–6; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Hesterman, Oran B. Fair Food: Growing a Healthy, Sustainable Food System for All. New York: Public Affairs, 2011. Kindle Edition, 4–50; Barber, Dan. The Third Plate: Field Notes on the Future of Food. New York: Penguin, 2014. Kindle Edition, 2–26; Nestle, Marion. What to Eat. New York: North Point Press, 2006. Kindle Edition.

11 Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma, 84.

12 Robinson, Jo. Eating on the Wild Side: The Missing Link to Optimum Health. New York: Little, Brown, 2013. Kindle Edition; Rule, Cheryl Sternman, and Paulette Phlipot. Ripe: A Fresh, Colorful Approach to Fruits and Vegetables. New York: Running Press, 2011; Barber, The Third Plate, 88–89.

13 Daley, Cynthia A., et al. „A Review of Fatty Acid Profiles and Antioxidant Content in Grass-Fed and Grain-Fed Beef.” Nutrition Journal 9, no. 1 (2010): 10.

14 Barber, The Third Plate; Waters, Alice, et al. The Art of Simple Food:Notes, Lessons, and Recipes from a Delicious Revolution. New York: Clarkson Potter, 2007.

15 Ronald, Pamela C., and Raoul W. Adamchak. Tomorrow’s Table: Organic Farming, Genetics, and the Future of Food. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. Kindle Edition, 17.

16 Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Graham and Ramsey, The Happiness Diet, 15–33; Cheney et al., King Corn; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote, 2–6; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Hester- man, Fair Food, 4–50; Barber, The Third Plate; Pollan, In Defense of Food, 2–26.

17 Ibid.; Kristiansen, Paul, Acram Taji, and John Reganold. Organic Agri- culture: A Global Perspective. Collingwood, VIC (Australia): CSIRO Publishing, 2006; Lockeretz, William. Organic Farming: An International History. Walling- ford, UK: CABI, 2007; Hansen, Ann Larkin. The Organic Farming Manual: A Comprehensive Guide to Starting and Running a Certified Organic Farm. North Adams, MA: Storey Pub, 2010; Allen, Will and Charles Wilson. The Good Food Revolution: Growing Healthy Food, People, and Communities. New York: Gotham Books, 2012. Kindle Edition; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Lichtfouse, Eric. Soci- ology, Organic Farming, Climate Change and Soil Science. Dordrecht: Springer, 2010. 275–302.

18 Ronald and Adamchak, Tomorrow’s Table; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Salatin, Joel. Folks, This Ain’t Normal: A Farmer’s Advice for Happier Hens, Healthier People, and a Better World. New York: Center Street, 2011. Kindle Edi- tion; Kristiansen, Paul, Acram Taji, and John P. Reganold. Organic Agriculture: A Global Perspective, 279.

19 Brown, Ed, et al. Unacceptable Levels. Macroscopic Media, 2013. DVD.

20 Fernandez-Cornejo, Jorge, et al. „Pesticide Use in US Agriculture: 21 Se- lected Crops, 1960–2008.” No. 178462. United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 2014.

21 Brown et al., Unacceptable Levels; Vandenberg, Laura N., et al. „Hormones and Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: Low-Dose Effects and Nonmonotonic Dose Responses.” Endocrine Reviews 33, no. 3 (2012): 378–455.

22 Environment America. „Wasting Our Waterways: Toxic Industrial Pollu- tion and Restoring the Promise of the Clean Water Act.” June 2014. http://envir onmentamericacenter.org/sites/environment/f iles/reports/US_wastingwaterway s_scrn%20061814_0.pdf; Halden, Rolf U. and Kellogg J. Schwab. Environmental Impact of Industrial Farm Animal Production. Pew Commission on Industrial Farm Animal Production, 2008.

23 Interviewed in Brown et al., Unacceptable Levels.

24 Vandenberg et al., 378–455.

25 Martić-Kehl, Marianne I., Roger Schibli, and P. August Schubiger. „Can Animal Data Predict Human Outcome? Problems and Pitfalls of Translational Animal Research.” European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (2012): 1–5; Van Norman, Gail A. Clinical Ethics in Anesthesiology: A Case-Based Textbookoło Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. 174–79.

26 Popper, Karl. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. London: Routledge, 2005. 318; Gigerenzer, Gerd. Reckoning with Risk: Learning to Live with Uncertainty. London: Penguin, 2003; Edwards, Adrian. „Communicating Risks Means That Patients Too Have to Learn to Live with Uncertainty.” BMJ: British Medical Jour- nal 327, no. 7417 (2003): 691; Satel, Sally L., and Scott O. Lilienfeld. Brainwashed: The Seductive Appeal of Mindless Neuroscience. New York: Basic Books, 2013. Kindle Edition; Fukuoka, Masanobu. The One-Straw Revolution: An Introduction to Natural Farming. New York: New York Review Books, 2010. Kindle Edition, 29; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 235–36.

27 United States Department of Agriculture. „National Organic Program.” 2014. http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/nop.

28 Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma; Pollan, In Defense of Food, 134–83. 29 Ibid., 140.

30 Ibid., 134–83.

31 Ibid.

32 Ibid.; Pollan, Michael. Food Rules: An Eater’s Manual. New York: Penguin Books, 2009. Kindle Edition, 34–36; Hesterman, Fair Food, 3–44; Ackerman-Leist, Philip. Rebuilding the Foodshed: How to Create Local, Sustainable, and Secure Food Systems. Santa Rosa: Post Carbon Institute, 2013. Kindle Edition; Chase, Lisa, and Vernon P. Grubinger. Food, Farms, and Community: Exploring Food Systems. 2014. Kindle Edition; Barber, The Third Plate; Nabhan, Gary Paul. Com- ing Home to Eat: The Pleasures and Politics of Local Foods. New York: Norton, 2009. Kindle Edition, 17–28; The Prince of Wales HRH. The Prince’s Speech: On the Future of Food. New York: Rodale, 2012.

33 Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma, 134–83.

34 Robinson, Eating on the Wild Side; Pollan, In Defense of Food, 30, 101–36; Pollan, Food Rules.

35 Robinson, Eating on the Wild Side, 160–62; Nath, A., et al. „Changes in Post-Harvest Phytochemical Qualities of Broccoli Florets during Ambient and Refrigerated.” Food Chemistry 127 (2011): 1510–14; Cantwell, Marita, and Trevor Suslow. „Broccoli: Recommendations for Maintaining Postharvest Quality.” Per- ishables Handling 92 (1997); Vallejo, Fernando, Francisco Tomás-Baberán, and Cristina García-Viguera. „Health-Promoting Compounds in Broccoli as Influenced by Refrigerated Transport and Retail Sale Period.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51 (2003): 3029–34.

36 Robinson, Eating on the Wild Side, 323–24; Conesa, A., J. M. Brotons,
F. J. Manera, and I. Porras. „The Degreening of Lemon and Grapefruit in Ethylene At- mosphere: A Cost Analysis.” Scientia Horticulturae 179 (2014): 140–45; Yuncheng, et al. „Effect of Commercial Processing on Pesticide Residues in Orange Products.” European Food Research and Technology 234 (2012): 449–56; Stewart, William S. „Storage of Citrus Fruits: Studies Indicate Use of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T Sprays on Trees Prolong Storage Life of Citrus Fruits.” California Agriculture 3 (1949): 7–14.

37 Pollan, Food Rules, 30; Pollan, In Defense of Food, 101–36; Nestle, What to Eat, 28–70; Robinson, Eating on the Wild Side.

38 Pollan, Food Rules, 30; Pollan, In Defense of Food, 101–36; Nestle, What to Eat, 28–70.

39 Hesterman, Fair Food, 7–8; Pollan, In Defense of Food, 1–27; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma, 1–183.

40 Pollan, Food Rules, 30.

41 Ibid.; Pollan, In Defense of Food, 1–14, 101–36; Pitt, John I. Fungi and Food Spoilage. Boston: Springer, 2013. 469–507; Nestle, What to Eat, 247–400; Deville, Nancy. Death by Supermarket: The Fattening, Dumbing Down, and Poi- soning of America. Austin: Greenleaf Book Group Press, 2011. Kindle Edition; Moss, Michael. Salt, Sugar, Fat: How the Food Giants Hooked Us. New York: Random House, 2013. Kindle Edition; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Graham and Ramsey, The Happiness Diet.

42 Barber, The Third Plate, 341–42; Gustafson, We the Eaters, 79–102; Mas- terjohn, Chris. „Wheat Belly—The Toll of Hubris on Human Health.” The Daily Lipid. October 12, 2011. http://blog.cholesterol-and-health.com/2011/10/wheat-belly-toll-of-hubris-on-human.html.

43 Gustafson, We the Eaters, 184, 196.

44 Ibid.; FDA, „Frequently Asked Questions on Azodicarbonamide (ADA).” 2014. http://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/FoodAdditivesIn gredients/ucm387497.htm.

45 CDC, „International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSC): AZODICARBON- AMIDE.” 2014. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcsneng/neng0380.html; World Health Organization, „Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 16: Azodi- carbonamide.” 1999. http://www.who.int/ipcs/publications/cicad/en/cicad16.pdf; Gustafson, We the Eaters, 184, 196.

46 Smith, Jim, and Lily Hong-Shum. Food Additives Data Bookoło 2nd ed. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. 548; Oftce Journal of the Eu- ropean Union, „Commission Directive 2004/1/EC of 6 January 2004 amending Directive 2002/72/EC as Regards the Suspension of the Use of Azodicarbonamide as Blowing Agent.” 2004. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?ur i=OJ:L:2004:007:0045:0046:EN:PDF.

47 Lofstock, John. „Boosting Impulse Sales at the Checkout Counter.” Convenience Store Decisions. January 11, 2006. http://www.cstoredecisions.com/2006/02/01/boosting-impulse-sales-at-the-checkout-counter/; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Nestle, What to Eat.

48 Klein, Ezra. „Big Food: Michael Pollan Thinks Wall Street Has Way Too Much Influence Over What We Eat.” Vox. April 23, 2014. http://www.vox.com/2014/4/23/5627992/big-food-michael-pollan-thinks-wall-street-has-way-too-much-influence.

49 Martinez, Steve. Local Food Systems: Concepts, Impacts, and Issues. Washington, DC: US Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 2010.

50 Pollan, Food Rules, 34.

51 Warner, Keith. Agroecology in Action: Extending Alternative Agriculture through Social Networks. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2007.

52 Gustafson, We the Eaters, 153.

53 Ackerman-Leist, Rebuilding the Foodshed, 26.

54 Tate, Carolyn. Conscious Marketing: How to Create an Awesome Business with a New Approach to Marketing. Hoboken: Wiley, 2015. 34–36.

Rozdział 2: Problem masowej produkcji

1 Gustafson, We the Eaters, 123, 170; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan,

The Omnivore’s Dilemma, 14–183; Shiva, Vandana. The Vandana Shiva Reader. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 2015. Kindle Edition; Taylor, Chris- topher, et al. Food Fight: A Story of Culinary Revolt. United States: C. Taylor, 2008; Faillace, Linda, et al. Farmageddon. Concord, MA: Kristin Marie Produc- tions, 2011; Cheney et al., King Corn; Berry, Wendell. Bringing It to the Table: On Farming and Food. Berkeley: Counterpoint, 2009. Kindle Edition; Fukuoka, The One-Straw Revolution; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal.

2 Gustafson, We the Eaters, 166–67.

3 Ibid., 123, 170; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma, 14–183; Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Faillace et al., Farmageddon; Cheney et al., King Corn; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Fukuoka, The One-Straw Revolution; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal.

4 Taylor et al., Food Fight.

5 Gustafson, We the Eaters, 103–70; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma, 14–183; Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Faillace et al., Farmageddon; Cheney et al., King Corn; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Fukuoka, The One-Straw Revolution; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal.

6 Gustafson, We the Eaters, 103–26; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 98; Kelly, John. The Graves Are Walking: The Great Famine and the Saga of the Irish People. New York: Henry Holt and Co., 2012.

7 Gustafson, We the Eaters, 103–26; Ricklefs, Robert E., and Rick Relyea. Ecology: the Economy of Nature. New York: W.H. Freeman, 2014. 550; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma, 14–183; Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Faillace et al., Farmageddon; Cheney et al., King Corn; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Fukuoka, The One-Straw Revolution; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal.

8 Ibid.

9 Ibid.

10 Ibid.

11 Runge, C. F. and B. Senauer. „How Biofuels Could Starve the Poor.” Foreign Affairs. May/June 2007. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2007-05-01/how-biofuels-could-starve-poor; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote, 31; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Gustafson, We the Eaters, 79–102; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma, 14–183; Cheney et al., King Corn.

12 Ibid.

13 Gustafson, We the Eaters, 17.

14 Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal; Hesterman, Fair Food, 2–44; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote, 128–35; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Gustafson, We the Eaters, 31–78; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma,
14–183; Faillace et al., Farmageddon; Cheney et al., King Corn; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Nestle, Marion. Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Imhoff, Dan. The CAFO Reader: The Tragedy of Industrial Animal Factories. Healdsburg, CA: Watershed Media, 2010. Kindle Edition; Kenner et al., Food, Inc.; Barber, The Third Plate; Graham and Ramsey, The Happiness Diet; Nestle, What to Eat, 67–305.

15 Ibid.

16 National Commission on Industrial Farm Animal Production. „Pew Com- mission on Industrial Animal Farm Production.” 2009. http://www.ncifap.or g/_images/pcifapfin.pdf.

17 Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal; Hesterman, Fair Food, 2–44; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote, 128–35; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Gustafson, We the Eaters, 31–78; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma,
14–183; Faillace et al., Farmageddon; Cheney et al., King Corn; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Nestle, Food Politics; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Imhoff, CAFO Reader; Kenner et al., Food, Inc.; Barber, The Third Plate; Graham and Ramsey, The Happiness Diet; Nestle, Marion. What to Eat. New York: North Point Press, 2006. Kindle Edition, 67–305.

18 Ibid.

19 Ibid.; American Cancer Society. „Recombinant bovine growth hormone.” 2014. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/othercarcinogens/athome/reco mbinant-bovine-growth-hormone.

20 Ibid.

21 Ibid.; Barber, The Third Plate, 155–56.

22 Guay, K., et al. „Behavior and Handling of Physically and Immunologi- cally Castrated Market Pigs on Farm and Going to Market.” Journal of Animal Science 91 (2013): 5410–17; Sutherland, M. A., et al. „The Physiological and Behavioral Response of Pigs Castrated With and Without Anesthesia or Analgesia.” Journal of Animal Science 90 (2012): 2211–21; McGlone, John J., and J. M. Hellman. „Local and General Anesthetic Effects on Behavior and Performance of Two-and Seven-Week-Old Castrated and Uncastrated Piglets.” Journal of Animal Science 66 (1988): 3049–58; McGlone, John J. White. „Behavior of Immunologically Castrated Boars Compared to Surgically Castrated Pigs.” Unpublished paper.

23 Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal; Hesterman, Fair Food, 2–44; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote, 128–35; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Gustafson, We the Eaters, 31–78; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma,
14–183; Faillace et al., Farmageddon; Cheney et al., King Corn; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Nestle, Food Politics; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Imhoff, CAFO Reader; Kenner et al., Food, Inc.; Barber, The Third Plate; Graham and Ramsey, The Happiness Diet; Nestle, What to Eat, 67–305.

24 Ibid.; Hartcher, K. M., et al. „The Effects of Environmental Enrichment and Beak-Trimming during the Rearing Period on Subsequent Feather Damage Due to Feather-Pecking in Laying Hens.” Poultry Science 94, no. 5 (2015): 852–59; Car- ruthers, C. T., et al. „On-Farm Survey of Beak Characteristics in White Leghorns as a Result of Hot Blade Trimming or Infrared Beak Treatment.” The Journal of Applied Poultry Research 21, no. 3 (2012): 645–50.

25 Schlosser, Fast Food Nation.

26 Barnett, Erin, et al. Food Chains. New York: Screen Media Films, 2015.

27 Barnett et al., Food Chains; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Estabrook, Barry. Tomatoland: How Modern Industrial Agriculture Destroyed Our Most Alluring Fruit. Kansas City: Andrews McMeel, 2012. Kindle Edition; Bales, Kevin, and Ron Soodalter. The Slave Next Door: Human Trafficking and Slavery in America Today. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009. Kindle Edition; Bales, Kevin. Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. Kindle Edition; Kenner et al., Food, Inc.; Human Rights Watch. „Blood, Sweat and Fear: Workers’ Rights in U.S. Meat and Poultry Plants.” 2004. http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/usa0105.pdf; Worrall, Michael S. „Meatpacking Safety: Is OSHA Enforcement Adequate.” Drake Journal of Agricultural Law 9 (2004): 300–321; Davidson, Julia O’Connell. „Troubling Free- dom: Migration, Debt, and Modern Slavery.” Migration Studies 1, no. 2 (2013): 176–95; Murphy, Laura. Survivors of Slavery: Modern-Day Slave Narratives. Columbia University Press, 2013; Ngwe, Job Elom, and O. Oko Elechi. „Human Traftcking: The Modern Day Slavery of the 21st Century.” African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies 6, nos. 1, 2 (2012).

28 Ibid.

29 Ibid.; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. „Live- stock’s Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options.” 2006. ftp://f tp.fao

.org/docrep/fao/010/a0701e/a0701e00.pdf; Sabaté, Joan, and Sam Soret. „Sus- tainability of Plant-Based Diets: Back to the Future.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 100, no. 1 Supplement (2014): 476S–82S; Ripple, William J., et al. „Ruminants, Climate Change and Climate Policy.” Nature Climate Change 4,
no. 1 (2014): 2–5; Dlamini, A. M., and M. A. Dube. „Contribution of Animal Agriculture to Greenhouse Gases Production in Swaziland.” American Journal of Climate Change 3, no. 3 (2014): 253; Hedenus, Fredrik, Stefan Wirsenius, and Daniel J. A. Johansson. „The Importance of Reduced Meat and Dairy Consump- tion for Meeting Stringent Climate Change Targets.” Climatic Change 124, nos. 1, 2 (2014): 79–91.

30 Ibid.

31 Ibid.; Bridges, Jeff, and Tom Colicchio. A Place at the Table. United States: Magnolia Home Entertainment, 2013; Stuart, Tristram. Waste: Uncovering the Global Food Scandal. New York: W.W. Norton & Co, 2009. Kindle Edition.

Rozdział 3: Choroby MAD

1 Gustafson, We the Eaters, 190; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal; Hester- man, Fair Food, 2–44; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma; Faillace et al., Farmageddon; Cheney et al., King Corn; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Nestle, Food Politics; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Imhoff, CAFO Reader; Kenner et al., Food, Inc.; Barber, The Third Plate; Graham and Ramsey, The Happiness Diet; Nestle, What to Eat; Stuart, Waste; Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat; Cordain, Loren S., et al. „Origins and Evolution of the Western Diet: Health Implications for the 21st Century.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 81, no. 2 (2005): 341–54; Danaei, Goodarz, et al. „The Global Cardiovascular Risk Transition Associations of Four Metabolic Risk Factors with National Income, Urbanization, and Western Diet in 1980 and 2008.” Circulation 127, no. 14 (2013): 1493–1502; Carrera-Bastos, Pedro, et al. „The Western Diet and Lifestyle and Diseases of Civilization.” Journal of Research Reports in Clinical Cardiology 2 (2011): 15–35; Kanoski, Scott E., and Terry L. Davidson. „Western Diet Consumption and Cognitive Impairment: Links to Hippocampal Dysfunction and Obesity.” Physiology & Behavior 103, no. 1 (2011): 59–68; Manzel, Arndt, et al. „Role of ‘Western Diet’ in Inflammatory Autoimmune Diseases.” Current Allergy and Asthma Reports 14, no. 1 (2014): 1–8.

2 Ibid.

3 Ibid.

4 Ibid.

5 Walton, Alice G. „How Much Sugar Are Americans Eating?” [Infographic]. Forbes. September 30, 2012. http://www.forbes.com/sites/alicegwalton/2012/08/30/how-much-sugar-are-americans-eating-infographic/.

6 Statistic Brain Research Institute. „Fast Food Statistics.” March 12, 2015. http://www.statisticbrain.com/fast-food-statistics/.

7 Gustafson, We the Eaters, 166.

8 Nestle, Marion. Food Politics 101: The School Nutrition Association vs. Fruits & Vegetables. Food Politics, 2015. http://www.foodpolitics.com/2015/02

/food-politics-101-the-school-nutrition-association-vs-fruits-vegetables/; Huehn- ergarth, Nancy. „Big Food Dominates the School Nutrition Association’s Latest Conference.” The Huffington Post. March 29, 2015. http://www.huffingtonpost

.com/nancy-huehnergarth/the-school-nutrition-asso_b_6546984.html?utm_hp_ref=tw; School Nutrition Association. „2015 Position Paper: Reauthorization of the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act.” 2015. https://schoolnutrition.org/uploadedFiles/Legislation_and_Policy/SNA_Policy_Resources/2015PositionPaperPrintable.pdf.

9 United Nations News Center. „UN Expert Warns of Global Public Health Disaster Caused by Unhealthy Foods.” March 6, 2012. http://www.un.org/apps

/news/story.asp?NewsID=41470#.VT8oPbqJnww.

10 Gustafson, We the Eaters; United Nations News Center, „UN Expert Warns”; Margulies, Phillip. America’s Role in the World. New York: Facts On File, 2009. 300; Pan, An, Vasanti Malik, and Frank B. Hu. „Exporting Diabetes to Asia: The Impact of Western-Style Fast Food.” Circulation 126, no. 2 (2012): 163–65; Thow, Anne-Marie, and Wendy Snowdon. „The Effect of Trade and Trade Policy on Diet and Health in the Pacific Islands.” Trade, Food, Diet and Health: Perspec- tives and Policy Options 147 (2010); Goran, Michael I., Stanley J. Ulijaszek, and Emily E. Ventura. „High Fructose Corn Syrup and Diabetes Prevalence: A Global Perspective.” Global Public Health 8, no. 1 (2013): 55–64; Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat; Cordain et al., „Origins and Evolution of the Western Diet,” 341–54; Danaei et al., „Global Cardiovascular Risk,” 1493–1502; Carrera-Bastos et al., „Western Diet and Lifestyle”; Kanoski and Davidson, „Western Diet Consumption”; Manzel et al., „Role of ‘Western Diet’ in Inflammatory Autoimmune Diseases”; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal; Hesterman, Fair Food, 2–44; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma; Faillace et al., Farmageddon; Cheney et al., King Corn; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Nestle, Food Politics; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Kenner et al., Food, Inc.; Barber, The Third Plate; Graham and Ramsey, The Happiness Diet; Nestle, What to Eat.

11 Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved.

12 Ibid.; Koseff, Alexei. „AM Alert: Chef Jamie Oliver Launches Clean Water Initiative.” Capitol Alert: The Sacramento Bee. January 6, 2015.

13 World Health Organization. „Obesity and Overweight Factsheet.” 2015. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/.

14 Ng, Marie, et al. „Global, Regional, and National Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adults During 1980–2013: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.” The Lancet 384, no. 9945 (2014): 766–81.

15 Ibid.

16 Wang, Y. C., et al. „Health and Economic Burden of the Projected Obesity Trends in the USA and the UK.” The Lancet 378 (2011): 815–25.

17 Ng et al., „Global, Regional, and National Prevalence”; Dor, Avi, et al. „A Heavy Burden: The Individual Costs of Being Overweight and Obese in the United States.” Washington, DC: Health Policy and Management Faculty Publications. 2010. http://www.stopobesityalliance.org/wp-content/themes/stopobesityalliance/pdfs/Heavy_Burden_Report.pdf.

18 Gustafson, We the Eaters; United Nations News Center, „UN Expert Warns”; Margulies, America’s Role, 300; Pan et al., „Exporting Diabetes to Asia”; Thow and Snowdon, „The Effect of Trade and Trade Policy”; Goran et al., „High Fructose Corn Syrup and Diabetes”; Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat; Cordain et al., „Ori- gins and Evolution of the Western Diet”; Danaei et al., „Global Cardiovascular Risk”; Carrera-Bastos et al., „Western Diet and Lifestyle”; Kanoski and Davidson, „Western Diet Consumption”; Manzel et al., „Role of ‘Western Diet’ in Inflamma- tory Autoimmune Diseases”; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal; Hesterman, Fair Food, 2–44; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma; Faillace et al., Farmageddon; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Nestle, Food Politics; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Kenner et al., Food, Inc.; Barber, The Third Plate; Graham and Ramsey, The Happiness Diet; Nestle, What to Eat.

19 Gustafson, We the Eaters, 80, 143, 183–85; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Kenner et al., Food, Inc.; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal.

20 Ibid.

21 Ibid.

22 Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 44.

Rozdział 4: Szalona prawda o MAD

1 Bridges and Colicchio, A Place at the Table.

2 Ibid.

3 Hesterman, Fair Food.

4 Taylor et al., Food Fight.

5 Bridges and Colicchio, A Place at the Table; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal; Hesterman, Fair Food; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma; Faillace et al., Farmageddon; Cheney et al., King Corn; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Nestle, Food Politics; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Imhoff, CAFO Reader; Kenner et al., Food, Inc.; Barber, The Third Plate; Graham and Ramsey, The Happiness Diet; Nestle, What to Eat; Stuart, Waste.

6 Ibid.

7 Ibid.; Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader; Patel, Stuffed and Starved.

8 Ibid.

9 Gustafson, We the Eaters.

10 Ritz, Stephen. „A Teacher Growing Green in South Bronx.” TED. February 2012. http://www.ted.com/talks/stephen_ritz_a_teacher_growing_green_in_the_south_bronx?language=en.

11 Finley, Ron. „A Guerilla Gardener in South Central LA.” TED. February 2

12 http://www.ted.com/talks/ron_finley_a_guerilla_gardener_in_south_central_la?language=en.

13 Paul Quinn College. „We Over Me Farm.” http://www.weovermefarm.com/#!about-us.

14 Café Momentum. „About.” http://cafemomentum.org/?page_id=520.

15 Garden Harvests Farm. „About Us.” http://gardenharvests.com/Get_To_Know_Us.html.

16 United Nations. „Universal Declaration of Human Rights.” 1948.
http:// www.un.org/Overview/rights.html.

17 Gustafson, We the Eaters; Bridges and Colicchio, A Place at the Table; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal; Hesterman, Fair Food; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma; Faillace et al., Farmageddon; Cheney et al., King Corn; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Nestle, Food Politics; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Imhoff, CAFO Reader; Kenner et al., Food, Inc.; Barber, The Third Plate; Graham and Ramsey, The Happiness Diet; Nestle, What to Eat; Stuart, Waste.

18 Ibid.

19 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. „Caloric Intake From Fast Food Among Adults: United States, 2007–2010.” February 2013. http://www.cdcgov/nchs/data/databriefs/db114.htm.

20 Gustafson, We the Eaters, 190; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal; Hes- terman, Fair Food; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma; Faillace et al., Farmageddon; Cheney et al., King Corn; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Nestle, Food Politics; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Imhoff, CAFO Reader; Kenner et al., Food, Inc.; Barber, The Third Plate; Graham and Ramsey, The Happiness Diet; Nestle, What to Eat; Stuart, Waste.

21 Gustafson, We the Eaters, 80, 143, 183–85; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Kenner et al., Food, Inc.; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal.

22 Ibid.

23 Ibid

Rozdział 5: Marketing skierowany do dzieci i inne skandale

1 Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat.

2 Grow, H. Mollie, and Marlene B. Schwartz. „Food Marketing to Youth: Serious Business.” JAMA 312, no. 18 (2014): 1918–19; Kraak, V. I., and M. Story. „Influence of Food Companies’ Brand Mascots and Entertainment Companies’ Cartoon Media Characters on Children’s Diet and Health: A Systematic Review and Research Needs.” Obesity Reviews (2015); Kelly, Bridget, et al. „New Media but Same Old Tricks: Food Marketing to Children in the Digital Age.” Current Obesity Reports (2015): 1–9; Bernhardt, Amy M., et al. „Children’s Recall of Fast Food Television Advertising—Testing the Adequacy of Food Marketing Regulation.” PloS One 10, no. 3 (2015): e0119300; Vandevijvere, Stefanie, and Boydoyd Swinburn. „Food References and Marketing in Popular Magazines for Children and Adolescents in New Zealand: A Content Analysis.” Obesity Research & Clinical Practice 8 (2014): 109; Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat; Nestle, Food Politics; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Jordan, Amy B. Media and the Well-Being of Children and Adolescents. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. 57–69; Couric, Katie, et al. Fed Up. Santa Monica, CA: Atlas Films. Starz Media, 2014; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal.

3 The Rudd Center For Food Policy & Obesity. „Food Marketing.” 2015. http://www.uconnruddcenter.org/food-marketing; Harris, J. L., A. Heard, and M. B. Schwartz. Older but Still Vulnerable: All Children Need Protection from Unhealthy Food Marketing. New Haven, CT: Yale Rudd Center for Food Policy & Obesity, 2014.

4 Grow and Schwartz, „Food Marketing to Youth”; Kraak and Story, „Influ- ence of Food Companies’ Brand Mascots”; Kelly et al., „New Media but Same Old Tricks”; Bernhardt et al., „Children’s Recall”; Vandevijvere and Swinburn, „Food References and Marketing”; Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat; Nestle, Food Politics; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Jordan, „Media”; Couric et al., Fed Up; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal.

5 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. „Childhood Obesity Facts.” 2015. http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/obesity/facts.htm; World Health Organization. „Childhood Overweight and Obesity.” http://www.who.int/dietphysical activity/childhood/en/.

6 Grow and Schwartz, „Food Marketing to Youth”; Kraak and Story, „Influence of Food Companies’ Brand Mascots”; Kelly et al., „New Media but Same Old Tricks”; Bernhardt et al., „Children’s Recall”; Vandevijvere and Swinburn, „Food References and Marketing”; Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat; Nestle, Food Politics; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Jordan, „Media”; Couric et al., Fed Up; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal.

7 Ibid.

8 Ibid.

9 Gustafson, We the Eaters, 55–78.

10 Ibid.; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal; Pollan, In Defense of Food.

11 Nestle, Food Politics; Pollan, In Defense of Food, 18–82; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Gustafson, We the Eaters.

12 Pollan, 18–82.

13 Nestle, Food Politics; Pollan, In Defense of Food, 18–82; Nestle and Peters,

Eat Drink Vote; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Gustafson, We the Eaters.

14 Pollan, In Defense of Food, 64–67.

15 Nestle, Food Politics; Pollan, In Defense of Food, 18–82; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Gustafson, We the Eaters.

16 Ibid.; Choi, Candace. „Coke as a Sensible Snack? Coca-Cola Works with Dietitians who Suggest Cola as Snack.” The Star Tribune. March 6, 2015. http://www.startribune.com/296404461.html.

17 Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma.

18 Pollan, In Defense of Food, 1.

19 Nestle, Food Politics; Pollan, In Defense of Food, 18–82; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved, 9–29; Graham and Ramsey, The Happiness Diet, 15–33; Cheney et al., King Corn; Kenner, et al., Food, Inc.; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote, 2–6; Hesterman, Fair Food, 4–50; Barber, The Third Plate, 2–26; Allen, Will, and Charles Wilson. The Good Food Revolution: Growing Healthy Food, People, and Communities. New York: Gotham Books, 2013. Kindle Edition.

20 Nestle, Food Politics; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Oftt, Paul A. Do You Believe in Magic?: The Sense and Nonsense of Alternative Medicine. New York: Harper, 2013. Kindle Edition, 44–108.

21 Kroll, David. „Cease-and-Desist Orders Hit Walmart, Walgreens and Oth- ers for Herbal Supplement Sales.” Forbes. February 3, 2015. http://www.forbes.com/sites/davidkroll/2015/02/03/cease-and-desist-orders-hit-walmart-walgreens-and-others-for-herbal-supplement-sales/.

22 Nestle, Food Politics; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Oftt, Do You Believe in Magic? 44–108; Goldacre, Ben. Bad Pharma: How Drug Companies Mislead Doc- tors and Harm Patients. London: Fourth Estate, 2013. Kindle Edition; Goldacre, Ben. Bad Science. London: Fourth Estate, 2009. Kindle Edition; Gøtzsche, Peter C., Richard Smith, and Drummond Rennie. Deadly Medicines and Organised Crime: How Big Pharma Has Corrupted Healthcare. London: Radcliffe Publish- ing, 2013. Kindle Edition.

23 Goldacre, Bad Science, 44–108.

24 Ibid.

25 Oftt, Do You Believe in Magic? 61–62; Dawsey, Sonja P., et al. „A Pro- spective Study of Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Use and the Risk of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancers.” PLoS One 9, no. 2 (2014): e88774.

26 Goldacre, Bad Science; Oftt, Do You Believe in Magic? 44–108.

27 Oftt, Do You Believe in Magic? 44–108.

28 World Health Organization. „Physical Activity.” 2015. http://www.who. int/topics/physical_activity/en/. See also Ekelund, Ulf, et al. „Physical Activity and All-Cause Mortality across Levels of Overall and Abdominal Adiposity in European Men and Women: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Study (EPIC).” 2015: 123456. http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/ea rly/2015/01/14/ajcn.114.100065.abstract.

29 Ibid.

30 Abramowitz, Michael. „Bush Urges Stepped-Up Campaign Against Child- hood Obesity.” The Washington Post. February 2, 2007. http://www.washington post.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/01/AR2007020101701.html; Pate, Elias, et al. Killer at Large. New York: Disinformation Co., 2009.

Rozdział 6: Kto rządzi ekonomiczną grzędą?

1 Barnett et al., Food Chains; Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat; Cordain et al., „Origins and Evolution of the Western Diet”; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal; Hesterman, Fair Food; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pol- lan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma; Faillace et al., Farmageddon; Cheney et al., King Corn; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Nestle, Food Politics; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Kenner et al., Food, Inc.; Barber, The Third Plate; Graham and Ramsey, The Happiness Diet; Nestle, What to Eat.

2 Allen and Wilson, Good Food Revolution, 261; United States Department of Agriculture, „Economic Research Service, Food Cost Review, 1984.” Agricultural Economic Report, no. 537 (July 1985): table 13. http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/downlo ad/CAT87214690/PDF (accessed November 28, 2012); United States Department of Agriculture. „Economic Research, Food Dollar Series.” 2015. http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-dollar-series/food-dollar-application.aspx.

3 Barnett et al., Food Chains; Pringle, Peter. A Place at the Table: The Crisis of 49 Million Hungry Americans and How to Solve It. New York: PublicAffairs, 2013. Kindle Edition; Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat; Cordain et al., „Origins and Evolu- tion of the Western Diet”; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal; Hesterman, Fair Food; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma; Faillace et al., Farmageddon; Cheney et al., King Corn; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Nestle, Food Politics; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Kenner et al., Food, Inc.; Barber, The Third Plate; Graham and Ramsey, The Hap- piness Diet; Nestle, What to Eat; Allen, Good Food Revolution.

4 Ibid.

5 Ibid.

6 Allen, Good Food Revolution; Pringle, A Place at the Table, 45–58; Moore, Latetia and Ana V. Diez Roux. „Associations of Neighborhood Characteristics with the Location and Type of Food Stores.” American Journal of Public Health 96 (2006): 325–31; Satia, Jessie A. „Diet-Related Disparities: Understanding the Prob- lem and Accelerating Solutions.” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 109, no. 4 (2009): 610–15; Kochanek, Kenneth D., et al. „Deaths: Final Data for 2009.” National Vital Statistics Reports 60, no. 3 (December 29, 2011): 65, table B.

7 Pringle, A Place at the Table; Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat; Cordain et al., „Origins and Evolution of the Western Diet”; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal; Hesterman, Fair Food; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma; Faillace et al., Farmageddon; Cheney et al., King Corn; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Nestle, Food Politics; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Kenner et al., Food, Inc.; Barber, The Third Plate; Graham and Ramsey, The Happiness Diet; Nestle, What to Eat; Allen, Good Food Revolution.

8 Ibid.; Brownell, Kelly D., and Kenneth E. Warner. „The Perils of Ignor- ing History: Big Tobacco Played Dirty and Millions Died. How Similar Is Big Food?” Milbank Quarterly 87, no. 1 (2009): 259–94; Meghani, Zahra, and Jennifer Kuzma. „The ‘Revolving Door’ Between Regulatory Agencies and Industry: A Problem that Requires Reconceptualizing Objectivity.” Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 24, no. 6 (2011): 575–99; Vidal, Jordi Blanes, Mirko Draca, and Christian Fons-Rosen. „Revolving Door Lobbyists.” The American Economic Review 102, no. 7 (2012): 3731–48; Mindell, Jennifer S., et al. „All In This Together: The Corporate Capture of Public Health.” BMJ 345 (2012): e8082.

9 Nestle, Food Politics; Sarasohn, J. „Ex-USDA Chief Glickman Joins Akin Gump.” The Washington Post. February 8, 2001: A21.

10 Ibid.

11 Nestle, Food Politics; WHO. Diet, Nutrition, and the Prevention of Chronic Disease. WHO Technical Report Series 916. Geneva, 2003. http://whqlibdoc.who

.int/trs/who_trs_916.pdf ; WHO. „Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity, and Health.” May 2004. www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/strategy/eb11344/strateg y_english_web.pdf; Waxman, A. „The WHO Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health: The Controversy on Sugar.” Development 47 (2004): 75–82; Zarocostas, J. „WHO Waters Down Draft Strategy on Diet and Health.” The Lancet 363 (2004): 1373.

12 Nestle, Marion. „Sugar Politics: The BMJ’s Series ‘Spinning a Web of Influ- ence.’” February 13, 2015. http://www.foodpolitics.com/2015/02/sugar-politics

-the-bmjs-series-spinning-a-web-of-influence/. Gornall, Jonathan. „Sugar’s Web of Influence 2: Biasing the Science.” BMJ 350 (2015): h215; Bes-Rastrollo, M., et al. „Financial Conflicts of Interest and Reporting Bias Regarding the Association Between Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Weight Gain: A Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews.” PLoS Med 10 (2013): e1001578; Lesser, L. I., et al. „Relation- ship Between Funding Source and Conclusion Among Nutrition-Related Scientific Articles.” PLoS Med 4 (2007):e5.

13 Bes-Rastrollo et al., „Financial Conflicts.”

14 Nestle, „Sugar Politics”; Gornall, „Sugar’s Web”; Bes-Rastrollo et al., „Financial Conflicts.”

15 Berry, Wendell. „17 Rules For A Sustainable Local Community.” The Hum- mingbird Project. April 6, 2013. http://www.hummingbirdproject.org/regions/wen dell-berry-17-rules/; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal; Hesterman, Fair Food; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma; Faillace et al., Farmageddon; Cheney et al., King Corn; Nestle, Food Politics; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Kenner et al., Food, Inc.; Barber, The Third Plate; Allen, The Good Food Revolution.

16 Gustafson, We the Eaters, 4.

17 Berry, „17 Rules”; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Gustafson, We the Eat- ers; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal; Hesterman, Fair Food; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma; Faillace et al., Farmageddon; Cheney et al., King Corn; Nestle, Food Politics; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Ken- ner et al., Food, Inc.; Barber, The Third Plate; Allen, The Good Food Revolution.

18 Ibid.; Rabotyagov, Sergey, et al. „Least-Cost Control of Agricultural Nutri- ent Contributions to the Gulf of Mexico Hypoxic Zone.” Ecological Applications 20, no. 6 (2010): 1542–55; Mitsch, William J., et al. „Reducing Nitrogen Loading to the Gulf of Mexico from the Mississippi River Basin: Strategies to Counter a Persistent Ecological Problem Ecotechnology—The Use of Natural Ecosystems to Solve Environmental problems—Should Be a Part of Efforts to Shrink the Zone of Hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico.” BioScience 51, no. 5 (2001): 373–88.

19 Ibid.

20 Stuart, Waste; Feed Back. „Global Waste Scandal.” 2014. http://f eedbac kglobal.org/food-waste-scandal/; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Gustavsson, Jenny, et al. „Global Food Losses and Food Waste. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.” Rom (2011); Cordell, Dana, Jan-Olof Drangert, and Stuart White. „The Story of Phosphorus: Global Food Security and Food for Thought.” Global Environmental Change 19, no. 2 (2009): 292–305; de Lange, Willem, and Anton Nahman. „Costs of Food Waste in South Africa: Incorporat- ing Inedible Food Waste.” Waste Management 40 (2015): 167–72; Thi, Ngoc Bao Dung, Gopalakrishnan Kumar, and Chiu-Yue Lin. „An Overview of Food Waste Management in Developing Countries: Current Status and Future Perspective.” Journal of Environmental Management 157 (2015): 220–29.

21 Ibid.; Garrone, Paola, Marco Melacini, and Alessandro Perego. „Opening the Black Box of Food Waste Reduction.” Food Policy 46 (2014): 129–39.

22 Ibid.

23 Gustafson, We the Eaters.

24 Ibid., 88–91.

25 Ibid.

26 Stuart, Waste; Feed Back, „Global Waste Scandal”; Berry, „17 Rules”; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal; Hesterman, Fair Food; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma; Faillace et al., Farmageddon; Nestle, Food Politics; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Kenner et al., Food, Inc.; Barber, The Third Plate; Allen, The Good Food Revolution.

27 Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved.

Rozdział 7: Genetyczny słoń w pokoju

1 Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader; Druker, Steven M., and Jane Goodall. Altered Genes, Twisted Truth: How the Venture to Genetically Engineer Our Food Has Subverted Science, Corrupted Government, and Systematically Deceived the Public. Salt Lake City: Clear River Press, 2015. Kindle Edition; Krimsky, Sheldon, and Jeremy Gruber. The GMO Deception: What You Need to Know About the Food, Corporations, and Government Agencies Putting Our Families and Our Environment at Risk. New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2014. Kindle Edition; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 225–39; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Newton, David E. GMO Food: A Reference Handbookoło Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2014.

2 Furley, David J. The Greek Cosmologists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. 115–35.

3 Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 225–39; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Berry, Bringing It to the Table.

4 Whitman, Elizabeth. „GMO Apples and Potatoes Approved by FDA; Labeling Not Required.” International Business Times. March 20, 2015. http://www.ibtimes.com/gmo-apples-potatoes-approved-fda-labeling-not-required-1854280; Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 225–39; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Berry, Bringing It to the Table.

5 Newton, GMO Food; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception.

6 Fernandez-Cornejo, Jorge, et al. „Genetically Engineered Crops in the United States.” USDA-ERS Economic Research Report 162 (2014); Nabradi, Andras, and Jozsef Popp. „Economics of GM Crop Cultivation.” Crop Biotech Update (2011): 7–19; Newton, GMO Food; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception.

7 Fernandez-Cornejo et al., „Genetically Engineered Crops.”

8 International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA). „Pocket K No. 16: Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops in 2014.” 2015. http://www.isaaa.org/inbrief/default.asp; James, C. „Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2014.” ISAAA Brief No. 49. Ithaca, NY: ISAAA, 2014.

9 Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 225–39; Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader.

10 Diels, Johan, Mario Cunha, et al. „Association of Financial or Profes- sional Conflict of Interest to Research Outcomes on Health Risks or Nutritional Assessment Studies of Genetically Modified Products.” Food Policy 36, no. 2 (2011): 197–203.

11 Leaf, Caroline. The Switch on Your Brain 5-Step Learning Process. Dallas: Switch on Your Brain USA LP, 2009.

12 McGrath, Alister E. Surprised by Meaning: Science, Faith, and How We Make Sense of Things. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2011. Kindle Edition, 43–44; McGrath, Alister E. Dawkins’ God: Genes, Memes, and the Mean- ing of Life. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005. Kindle Edition; Polkinghorne, J. C. Science and Religion in Quest of Truth. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011. Kindle Edition.

13 Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 225–39; Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Berry, Bringing It to the Table.

14 Diels et al., „Association of Financial or Professional Conflict of Interest.”

15 Ibid.; Fernandez-Cornejo et al., „Genetically Engineered Crops”; Nabradi and Popp, „Economics of GM Crop Cultivation”, 7–19; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 225–39; Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Berry, Bringing It to the Table.

16 Nielsen, Kaare M. „Biosafety Data as Confidential Business Information.” PLoS Biology 11, no. 3 (2013): e1001499. http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001499; Diels et al., „Association of Financial or Professional Conflict of Interest”; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception.

17 Quaddus, M. A., and Muhammed Abu B. Siddique. Handbook of Sustainable Development Planning: Studies in Modeling and Decision Support. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2013. 91–116; Picó, Yolanda. Chemical Analysis of Food: Techniques and Applications. Waltham, MA: Academic Press, 2012. 453–54; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 225–39; Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved.

18 Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception. After publicly voicing his concerns on the safety of GM potatoes, Pusztai was subject to a number of profes- sional and personal attacks in what came to be known as the Pusztai Affair. For the original study, see Ewen, S. W. B, and A. Pusztai. „Effect of Diets Containing Genetically Modified Potatoes Expressing Galanthus Nivalis Lectin on Rat Small Intestine.” The Lancet 354 (1999): 1353–54.

19 Snell, Chelsea, et al. „Assessment of the Health Impact of GM Plant Diets in Long-Term and Multigenerational Animal Feeding Trials: A Literature Re- view.” Food and Chemical Toxicology 50, no. 3 (2012): 1134–48; GM Free Scot- land. „Three Reviews of GM Safety.” May 2012. http://gmfreescotland.blogspot.com/2012/05/three-reviews-of-gm-safety.html.

20 Domingo, José L., and Jordi Ginéi Bordonaba. „A Literature Review on the Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Plants.” Environment International 37, no. 4 (2011): 734–42; GM Free Scotland, „Three Reviews.”

21 Hilbeck, Angelika, et al. „No Scientific Consensus on GMO Safety.” En- vironmental Sciences Europe 27, no. 1 (2015): 1–6.

22 Samsel, Anthony, and Stephanie Seneff. „Glyphosate, Pathways to Modern Diseases III: Manganese, Neurological Diseases, and Associated Pathologies.” Surgical Neurology International 6 (2015): 45; Seneff, Stephanie, Nancy Swanson, and Chen Li. „Aluminum and Glyphosate Can Synergistically Induce Pineal Gland Pathology: Connection to Gut Dysbiosis and Neurological Disease.” Agricultural Sciences 6, no. 1 (2015): 42.

23 Lee, R., et al. „Using Human-Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (hu- SCID) Mice as a Model for Testing Allergenicity of Genetically Modified Organ- isms (GMOs).” Clinical and Translational Allergy 3, no. 3 (2013): 18; Flanagan, Simon. Handbook of Food Allergen Detection and Control. Cambridge, MA: Waltham, 2015. 161–76.

24 Williams, A. L., R. E. Watson, and J. M. Desesso. „Developmental and Reproductive Outcomes in Humans and Animals after Glyphosate Exposure: A Critical Analysis.” Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B 15 (2012): 39–96.

25 Antoniou, M., et al. „Teratogenic Effects of Glyphosate-Based Herbi- cides: Divergence of Regulatory Decisions from Scientific Evidence.” Journal of Environmental and Analytical Toxicology 4 (2012): 2161–525; Cattani D., et al. „Mechanisms Underlying the Neurotoxicity Induced by Glyphosate-Based Her- bicide in Immature Rat Hippocampus: Involvement of Glutamate Excitotoxicity.” Toxicology 320 (2014): 34–45; Mesnage, R. S. „The Need for a Closer Look at Pesticide Toxicity during GMO Assessment in Practical Food Safety: Contem- porary Issues and Future Directions.” In Practical Food Safety: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions. Bhat R., and V. M. Gómez-López, eds. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., 2014; Vandenberg, L. N., et al. „Hormones and Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: Low-Dose Effects and Nonmonotonic Dose Responses.” Endocrinology Reviews 33 (2012): 378–455; Swanson, Nancy L., et al. „Genetically Engineered Crops, Glyphosate and the Deterioration of Health in the United States of America.” Journal of Organic Systems 9, no. 2 (2014): 6–37.

26 Fritschi, L., et al. „Carcinogenicity of Tetrachlorvinphos, Parathion, Malathion, Diazinon, and Glyphosate.” The Lancet Oncology. 2015. http://www.the lancet.com/pdfs/journals/lanonc/PIIS1470-2045(15)70134-8.pdf.

27 Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes.

28 Séralini, G. E., et al. „Long-Term Toxicity of a Roundup Herbicide and a Roundup-Tolerant Genetically Modified Maize.” Food and Chemical Toxicology (2012): 4221–31; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; GM Free Scotland, „Three Reviews.”

29 Pirondini, Andrea, and Nelson Marmiroli. „Environmental Risk Assessment in GMO Analysis.” Rivista di Biologia 101, no. 2 (2008): 215–46; Benbrook, Charles M. „Impacts of Genetically Engineered Crops on Pesticide Use in the US—The First Sixteen Years.” Environmental Sciences Europe 24, no. 1 (2012): 1–13; Sirinathsinghji, Eva. „Study Confirms GM Crops Lead to Increased Pesti- cide Use.” Science in Society 56 (2012): 8–10; Wagner, Norman, et al. „Questions Concerning the Potential Impact of Glyphosate-Based Herbicides on Amphibians.” Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 32, no. 8 (2013): 1688–1700; Meehan,
T.D., et al. „Agricultural Landscape Simplification and Insecticide Use in the Midwestern United States.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (2011): 11500–505; Blesh, J., and L. E. Drinkwater. „The Impact of Nitrogen Source and Crop Rotation on Nitrogen Mass Balances in the Mississippi River Basin.” Ecological Applications 23, no. 5 (2013): 1017–35; Davis, Adam S., et al. „Increasing Cropping System Diversity Balances Productivity, Profitability and Environmental Health.” PLoS One 7, no. 10 (2012): e47149; Jacobsen, Sven- Erik, et al. „Feeding the World: Genetically Modified Crops Versus Agricultural Biodiversity.” Agronomy for Sustainable Development 33, no. 4 (2013): 651–62; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 225–39; Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved.

30 Gassmann, Aaron J., et al. „Field-Evolved Resistance by Western Corn Rootworm to Multiple Bacillus Thuringiensis Toxins in Transgenic Maize.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 14 (2014): 5141–46; Gassmann, Aaron J., et al. „Western Corn Rootworm and Bt Maize: Challenges of Pest Resistance in the Field.” GM Crops & Food 3, no. 3 (2012): 235–44; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception.

31 Benbrook, „Impacts”; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception.

32 Klümper, Wilhelm, and Matin Qaim. „A Meta-Analysis of the Impacts of Genetically Modified Crops.” PLoS One 9, no. 11 (2014): e111629; Heinemann, Jack. „Correlation Is Not Causation.” RightBiotech. November 27, 2014.
http://rightbiotech.tumblr.com/post/103665842150/correlation-is-not-causation.

33 Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception.

34 Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception; Pirondini and Marmiroli, „Environmental Risk Assessment”; Benbrook, „Impacts”; Sirinathsinghji, „Study Confirms”; Wagner et al. „Questions Concerning the Potential Impact”; Meehan et al. „Agricultural Landscape Simplification”; Blesh and Drinkwater, „Impact of Nitrogen Source and Crop Rotation”; Davis et al. „Increasing Cropping System Diversity”; Jacobsen et al. „Feeding the World”; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 225–39; Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved.

35 Price, Becky, and Janet Cotter. „The GM Contamination Register: a Review of Recorded Contamination Incidents Associated with Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs), 1997–2013.” International Journal of Food Contamina- tion 1, no. 1 (2014): 1–13; Smith, Amanda. „Sowing Wild Oats: Bystander Strict Liability in Tort Applied to Organic Farm Contamination by Genetically Modified Seed.” University of Louisville Law Review 51 (2012): 629; Reed, Genna. „GMOs v. Organic: Is Coexistence Possible?” 142nd APHA Annual Meeting and Exposition, November 15–19, 2014; Chandler, Stephen F., and Trevor W. Stevenson. „Gene Flow and Risk Assessment in Genetically Modified Crops.” In Alien Gene Transfer in Crop Plants, vol. 1. New York: Springer, 2014. 247–65; Du, Dorothy. „Rethinking Risks: Should Socioeconomic and Ethical Considerations be Incorporated into the Regulation of Genetically Modified Crops.” Harvard Journal of Law & Technology 26 (2012): 376–401; Mitchell, Shené. „Organic Crops, Genetic Drift, and Commingling: Theories of Remedy and Defense.” Drake Journal of Agricultural Law 18 (2013): 313–33; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception; Pirondini and Marmiroli, „Environmental Risk Assessment”; Benbrook, „Impacts”; Sirinathsinghji, „Study Confirms”; Davis et al., „Increasing Cropping System Diversity”; Jacobsen et al., „Feeding the World”; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 225–39; Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved.

36 Ibid.

37 Gustafson, We the Eaters.

38 Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception; Jacobsen et al. „Feeding the World”; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 225–39; Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved.

39 Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved.

40 Hesterman, Fair Food, 13.

41 Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception; Jacobsen et al. „Feeding the World”; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 225–39; Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader.

42 Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 225–39; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Stuart, Waste; Feed Back, „Global Waste Scandal”; Berry, „17 Rules”; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma.

43 Sen, Amartya. Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982. 1; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved.

44 Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 225–39; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Stuart, Waste; Feed Back, „Global Waste Scandal”; Berry, „17 Rules”; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma; Sen, Poverty and Famines.

45 Ibid.

46 Benbrook, C. „Troubled Times Amid Commercial Success for Roundup Ready Soybeans: Glyphosate Eftcacy is Slipping and Unstable Transgene Expres- sion Erodes Plant Defences and Yields.” AgBioTech InfoNet Technical Paper No. 4 (May 2001): 3. http://www.biotech-info.net/troubledtimes.html; Elmore, et al. „Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean Cultivar Yields Compared with Sister Lines.” Agron 93 (2001): 408–12; quote from press release announcing study at http://ian rnews.unl.edu/static/0005161.shtml; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception.

47 IAASTD. Agriculture at a Crossroads. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2009. http://www.unep.org/dewa/agassessment/reports/IAASTD/EN/Agriculture%20at%20a%20Crossroads_Synthesis%20Report%20%28English%29.pdf; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception.

48 Gurian-Sherman, Doug. „Failure to Yield: Evaluating the Performance of Genetically Engineered Crops.” Union of Concerned Scientists. April 2009. http://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/f iles/legacy/assets/documents/f ood_and_agricu lture/failure-to-yield.pdf; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception.

49 Oerke, E. C. „Crop Losses to Pests.” The Journal of Agricultural Science 144, no. 1 (2006): 31–43; Hesterman, Fair Food, 2–46.

50 Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 225–39; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Berry, „17 Rules”; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma; Sen, Poverty and Famines.

51 Nash, J. Madeleine. „This Rice Could Save a Million Kids a Year.” Time. July 31, 2000. http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,997586,00. html; Patel, Stuffed and Starved.

52 Patel, Stuffed and Starved.

53 Nash, „This Rice”; Patel, Stuffed and Starved.

54 Hine, R., J. Pretty, and S. Twarog. Organic Agriculture and Food Security in Africa. New York and Geneva: UNEP-UNCTAD Capacity-Building Task Force on Trade, Environment and Development, 2008. http://bit.ly/KBCgY0.

55 The Rodale Institute. „The Farming Systems Trial.” http://rodaleinstitut e.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/FSTbrochure.pdf.

56 Chivian, Eric, and Aaron Bernstein. Genetically Modified Foods and Or- ganic Farming. In Sustaining Life: How Human Health Depends on Biodiversity. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. 399–400, 402; Hesterman, Fair Food, 293.

57 Ponisio, Lauren C., et al. „Diversification Practices Reduce Organic to Conventional Yield Gap.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biologi- cal Sciences 282, no. 1799 (2015): 20141396.

58 Jacobsen et al., „Feeding the World”; Davis et al., „Increasing Cropping System Diversity.”

59 Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 225–39; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Berry, „17 Rules”; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma; Sen, Poverty and Famines.

60 Ibid.

61 Fernandez-Cornejo, Jorge, and David Schimmelpfennig. „Have Seed In- dustry Changes Affected Research Effort?” Amber Waves 2, no. 1 (2004): 14–19; Patel, Stuffed and Starved.

62 Pollan, Michael, „Vote for the Dinner Party.” The New York Times Magazine. October 10, 2012. http://michaelpollan.com/articles-archive/vote-for-the-dinner-party/.

63 Pollan, „Vote For the Dinner Party”; Shiva, The Vandana Shiva Reader; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception.

64 Ibid.; Druker and Goodall, Altered Genes; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 225–39; Gustafson, We the Eaters; Patel, Stuffed and Starved; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Berry, „17 Rules”; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma; Sen, Poverty and Famines; Ronald, Pamela C., and Raoul W. Adamchak. Tomorrow’s Table: Organic Farming, Genetics, and the Future of Food. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. 137–51; Kenner et al., Food, Inc.

65 Hattori, Y., et al. „The Ethylene Response Factors SNORKEL1 and SNORKEL2 Allow Rice to Adapt to Deep Water.” Nature 460 (2009): 1026–30; Krimsky and Gruber, The GMO Deception.

66 Ronald and Adamchak, Tomorrow’s Table.

67 Benyus, Janine M. Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature. Pymble, NSW: HarperCollins e-books, 2009; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 20.

68 Benyus, Biomimicry.

69 Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal; Butterfield, Jody, et al. Holistic Management Handbook: Healthy Land, Healthy Profits. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2006; Allen, Will, and Charles Wilson. The Good Food Revolution: Grow- ing Healthy Food, People, and Communities. New York: Gotham Books, 2012. Kindle Edition; White, Joseph Courtney. Grass, Soil, Hope: A Journey Through Carbon Country. White River Junction: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2014. Kindle Edition; Chase, Lisa, and Vernon P. Grubinger. Food, Farms, and Community: Exploring Food Systems. Durham, NH: The University of New Hampshire Press, 2014. Kindle Edition; Barber, The Third Plate; Ackerman-Leist, Rebuilding the Foodshed; Niman, Nicolette Hahn. Defending Beef: The Case for Sustainable Meat Production. White River Junction: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2014. Kindle Edition; Bernstein, Sylvia. Aquaponic Gardening: A Step-by-Step Guide to Rais- ing Vegetables and Fish Together. Gabriola, BC: New Society Publishers, 2011.

70 Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 20; Growing Power. „History.” 2014. http://www.growingpower.org/about/history/.

71 Stafford, Beth. „UW-Milwaukee Spring Commencement 2012.” Press release. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. May 9, 2012.

Rozdział 8: Nastawienie i posiłek

1 American Psychological Association. „Stress in America (TM): Our Health at Risk.” 2012. http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2011/final-2011. pdf; American Institute of Stress. „Stress Is Killing You.” n.d.
http://www.stress.org/stress-is-killing-you/; Harvard Medical School’s Mind-Body Institute. Published research by date. http://www.bensonhenryinstitute.org/index.php/our-research/published-research; The Institute of HeartMath. „Local and Nonlocal Effects of Coherent Heart Frequencies on Conformational Changes of DNA.” 2001. http://appreciativeinquiry.case.edu/uploads/HeartMath%20article.pdf; Kinderman, P., et al. „Psychological Processes Mediate the Impact of Familial Risk. Social Circumstances and Life Events on Mental Health.” PLoS (2013), http:// journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0076564; Powell, N. D., et al. „Social Stress Up-Regulates Inflammatory Gene Expression in the Leukocyte Transcriptome Via β-Adrenergic Induction of Myelopoiesis.” PNAS (2013), http://www.pnas.org/content/110/41/16574.full; Cohen, S., et al. „Psychological Stress and Disease.” JAMA (2007): 1685–87; Cohen, S, et al. „Chronic Stress, Glucocorticoid Receptor Resistance, Inflammation, and Disease Risk.” PNAS (2012): 5995–99; Seaward, B. „Are Your Wellness Programs Prepared for the Super Stress Super Storm.” Wellness Council of America, 2010.
http://www.brianluke seaward.com/downloads/SuperStress-WELCOA-Seaward.pdf; „Cancer Statistics and Views of Causes.” Science News 115, no. 2 (January 13, 1979): 23; Nijhout, H. F. „Metaphors and the Role of Genes and Development.” BioEssays 12 (1990): 444–46; Willett, W. C. „Balancing Lifestyle and Genomics Research for Disease Prevention.” Science 296 (2002): 695–98; Pert, C. B. Molecules of Emotion: Why You Feel the Way You Feel. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997; Lipton, B. The Biology of Belief: Unleashing the Power of Consciousness, Matter and Miracles. Santa Cruz, CA: Mountain of Love Productions, 2008; Church, D. Genie in Your Genes. Santa Rosa, CA: Energy Psychology Press, 2007.

2 Attwell, David, and Simon B. Laughlin. „An Energy Budget for Signaling in the Grey Matter of the Brain.” Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 21, no. 10 (2001): 1133–45; Peters, A., and D. Langemann. „Build-ups in the Supply Chain of the Brain: on the Neuroenergetic Cause of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.” Front. Neuroenerg 1 (2009): 2. doi:10.3389/neuro.14.002.2009; Hovda, David A., et al. „Metabolic Dysfunction Following Traumatic Brain Injury.” In Concussions in Athletics. New York: Springer, 2014. 205–15.

3 Gustafson, We the Eaters, xiv; Pan et al. „Exporting Diabetes to Asia”; Yang, Lijun. „The Effect of Western Diet Culture on Chinese Diet Culture.” In International Conference on Education, Language, Art and Intercultural Com- munication (ICELAIC-14). Amsterdam: Atlantis Press, 2014; Myles, Ian A. „Fast Food Fever: Reviewing the Impacts of the Western Diet on Immunity.” Nutrition Journal 13, no. 1 (2014): 61; Taylor, Allyn L., Emily Whelan Parento, and Laura Schmidt. „The Increasing Weight of Regulation: Countries Combat the Global Obesity Epidemic.” Indiana Law Journal 90 (2014): forthcoming; Vineis, Paolo, and Christopher P. Wild. „Global Cancer Patterns: Causes and Prevention.” The Lancet 383, no. 9916 (2014): 549–57.

4 Hoffmann, Beth. „It’s Convenience, Not Cost, That Makes Us Fat.” Forbes. July 17, 2012. http://www.forbes.com/sites/bethhoffman/2012/07/17/its-conve nience-not-cost-that-makes-us-fat/; Puzic, Sonja. „How We Eat: The Rise of the Convenience Food Market.” CTV News. August 20, 2014; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal; Hesterman, Fair Food; Nestle and Peters, Eat Drink Vote, 128–35; Taylor et al., Food Fight; Gustafson, We the Eaters, 31–78; Pollan, In Defense of Food; Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma, 14–183; Faillace et al., Farmageddon; Cheney et al., King Corn; Berry, Bringing It to the Table; Nestle, Food Politics; Schlosser, Fast Food Nation; Imhoff, CAFO Reader; Kenner et al., Food, Inc.; Barber, The Third Plate; Graham and Ramsey, The Happiness Diet; Nestle, What to Eat, 67–305; Stuart, Waste.

5 Ibid.

6 Nijhout, „Metaphors and the Role of Genes”; Watters, Ethan. „DNA Is Not Destiny: The New Science of Epigenetics.” Discover Magazine. November 22, 2006. http://discovermagazine.com/2006/nov/cover; „Ghost in Your Genes.” Nova, 2008. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genes/; Satel, Sally L., and Scott O. Lilienfeld. Brainwashed: The Seductive Appeal of Mindless Neuroscience. New York: Basic Books, 2013; Kinderman, Peter. A Prescription for Psychiatry: Why We Need a Whole New Approach to Mental Health and Wellbeing. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.

Rozdział 9: Wziąć odpowiedzialność

1 Leaf, Caroline. Switch On Your Brain: The Key to Peak Happiness, Thinking, and Health. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2013, chap. 1; Leaf, Caroline. „Ridiculous.” TED Talks. TEDxOaksChristianSchool. 2015. http://tedxtalks.ted.com/video/Ridiculous-Caroline-Leaf-TEDxOa;search%3Acaroline%20leaf; Leaf, Caroline. „Mind-Mapping: A Therapeutic Technique for Closed-Head Injury.” Master’s Thesis. Pretoria: University of Pretoria, 1990.

2 Reardon, Thomas, Peter Timmer, and Julio Berdegue. „The Rapid Rise of Supermarkets in Developing Countries.” Journal of Agricultural and Development Economics 1, no. 2 (2004): 168–83; Gustafson, We the Eaters, v–xix.

3 Oxfam International. „Food Aid or Hidden Dumping?” 2005.
https:// www.oxfam.org/sites/www.oxfam.org/files/bp71_food_aid.pdf; Gustafson, We the Eaters, v–xix; Edelman, Marc, et al. „Introduction: Critical Perspectives on Food Sovereignty.” Journal of Peasant Studies 41, no. 6 (2014): 911–31; Shattuck, Annie, and Eric Holt-Giménez. „Moving from Food Crisis to Food Sovereignty.” Yale Human Rights and Development Journal 13, no. 2 (2014): 421–34; Barrett, Christopher B., and Dan Maxwell. Food Aid after Fifty Years: Recasting Its Role. London: Routledge, 2007.

4 Wright, N. T. Surprised by Scripture: Engaging Contemporary Issues. San Francisco: HarperOne, 2014. 83–106; Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 179.

5 Ibid.

6 Kendrick, Malcolm. Doctoring Data: How to Sort Out Medical Advice from Medical Nonsense. London: Columbus Publishing, 2015. 9–11; Andersen, Klaus Kaae, and Tom Skyhøj Olsen. „The Obesity Paradox in Stroke: Lower Mortality and Lower Risk of Readmission for Recurrent Stroke in Obese Stroke Patients.” International Journal of Stroke 10, no. 1 (2015): 99–104; Shil Hong, Eun, et al. „Counterintuitive Relationship Between Visceral Fat and All-Cause Mortality in an Elderly Asian Population.” Obesity 23, no. 1 (2015): 220–27.

7 Ibid.

8 Society for the Study of Ingestive Behavior. „Dieting Young May Lead to Poor Health Outcomes Later: Trends in Dieting Strategies in Young Adult Women from 1982 to 2012.” ScienceDaily, July 29, 2014. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/07/140729224908.htm; Naish, John. „Why Dieting Makes You FAT: Research Shows Trying to Lose Weight Alters Your Brain and Hormones So You’re Doomed to Pile It on Again.” Daily Mail. April 23, 2012. http://www.daily mail.co.uk/health/article-2134162/Research-shows-trying-lose-weight-alters-brain-hormones-youre-doomed-pile-again.html.

Rozdział 10: Spotkanie umysłów

1 Leaf, Caroline, Brenda Louw, and Isabel Uys. „The Development of a Model for Geodesic Learning: The Geodesic Information Processing Model.” The South African Journal of Communication Disorders 44 (1997): 53–70.
http://drleaf.co m/download-dispatch/?fn=/TheDevelopmentOfAModelForGeodesicLearning.pdf; Leaf, Switch On Your Brain, 123–28; Leaf, Caroline. „The Mind-Mapping Approach: A Model and Framework for Geodesic Learning.” PhD dissertation, University of Pretoria, March 1997.

2 „Dr. Leaf’s Research.” http://drleaf.com/about/dr-leafs-research/;
„Dr. Leaf’s Curriculum Vitae.” http://drleaf.com/download-dispatch/?fn=/DrCarolineLeaf_CurriculumVitae1.pdf.

3 Ibid.

4 Craddock, Travis John Adrian, and Jack A. Tuszynski. „A Critical Assessment of the Information Processing Capabilities of Neuronal Microtubules Using Coherent Excitations.” Journal of Biological Physics 36, no. 1 (2010): 53–70. Published online June 4, 2009. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2791807/.

5 Leaf, Switch On Your Brain, chap. 1; Leaf, „Ridiculous”; Leaf, „Mind- Mapping.”

6 Fuchs, Eberhard, and Gabriele Flügge. „Adult Neuroplasticity: More Than 40 Years of Research.” Neural Plasticity 2014 (2014): 1–10; Merzenich, Michael. „Growing Evidence of Brain Plasticity.” TED Talk, February 2004.
http://www.ted.com/talks/michael_merzenich_on_the_elastic_brain?language=en.

7 Pittenger, C., and E. Kandel. „A Genetic Switch for Long-Term Memory.” Comptes Rendus de l’Academie des Sciences-Series III-Sciences de la Vie 321, no. 2 (1998): 91–96.

8 Kandel, Eric R. „The Molecular Biology of Memory: cAMP, PKA, CRE, CREB-1, CREB-2, and CPEB.” Molecular Brain (2012): 1–12. http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1756-6606-5-14.pdf; Smith, S. L., et al. „Dendritic Spikes Enhance Stimulus Selectivity in Cortical Neurons in Vivo.” Nature 503, no. 7474 (2013): 115–20; Shefteld, Mark E. J., and Daniel A. Dombeck. „Calcium Transient Prevalence Across the Dendritic Arbour Predicts Place Field Properties.” Nature 517 (January 8, 2015): 200–204.

9 Fodor, J. The Modularity of Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT/Bradford, 1983; Neal, D. T., et al. „How Do Habits Guide Behavior? Perceived and Actual Trig- gers of Habits in Daily Life.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 48, no. 2 (2012): 492–98; Phillippa, A. „How Are Habits Formed: Modelling Habit Formation in the Real World.” European Journal of Social Psychology 40, no. 6 (2010): 998–1009; Gardner, B., P. Lally, and J. Wardle. „Making Health Habitual: the Psychology of ‘Habit-Formation’ and General Practice.” British Journal of General Practice 62, no. 605 (2012): 664–66.

10 Leaf et al., „The Development of a Model for Geodesic Learning”; Leaf, Switch On Your Brain; Leaf, „The Mind-Mapping Approach.”

11 Penrose, Roger. „Quantum Nonlocality and Complex Reality.” Oxford University, 1992. In Tucker, Kenneth H., Jr. The Renaissance of General Relativity and Cosmology: A Survey to Celebrate the 65th Birthday of Dennis Sciama. Cambridge University Press, 2005, 314–25; Penrose, Roger. „Twistor, Reality and Quantum Non Locality.” August 4, 2014. This talk was held during the Summer School on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics dedicated to John Bell in Sesto, Italy. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQ8Bm33o0uI.

12 Leaf, Caroline. The Gift in You: Discovering New Life Through Gifts Hidden in Your Mind. Nashville: Nelson, 2009.

13 Gardner, H. Frames of Mind. New York: Basic Books, 1985; Iran-Nejad,

A. „Active and Dynamic Self-Regulation of Learning Processes.” Review of Edu- cational Research 60, no. 4 (1990): 573–602; Satel and Lilienfeld, Brainwashed.

14 Markowsky, George. „Information Theory—Physiology.” Encylopaedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/287907/information-theory/214958/Physiology; Fan, Jin. „ITACC.” Front Hum Neurosci. 8 (2014): 680.

15 Travis et al. „A Critical Assessment.”

16 Elsevier. „Discovery of Quantum Vibrations in ‘Microtubules’ Inside Brain Neurons Corroborates Controversial 20-Year-Old Theory of Consciousness.” Amsterdam, January 16, 2014. http://www.elsevier.com/about/press-releases/research-and-journals/discovery-of-quantum-vibrations-in-microtubules-inside-brain-neurons-corroborates-controversial-20-year-old-theory-of-consciousness; Bandyopadhyay, Anirban. Brain Mapping Symposium, April 24, 2014 at University of Arizona, Tuc- son, AZ, https://streaming.biocom.arizona.edu/event/?id=25224&play=1&format=hd.

17 Horga, Guillermo, and Tiago V. Maia. „Conscious and Unconscious Processes in Cognitive Control: A Theoretical Perspective and a Novel Empirical Approach.” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (July 4, 2012): 4.

18 Leaf, Switch On Your Brain; Hameroff, Stuart, and Roger Penrose. „Consciousness in the Universe: a Review of the ‘Orch OR’ Theory.” Physics of Life Reviews 11, no. 1 (2014): 39–78; Hameroff, S., and R. Penrose. „In the Quantum World, the Future Affects the Past: Hindsight and Foresight Together More Accurately ‘Predict’ a Quantum System’s State.” Science Daily, February 9, 2015. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/02/150209083011.htm; Tan, D.,
et al. „Prediction and Retrodiction for a Continuously Monitored Superconducting Qubit.” Physical Review Letters (2015): 1–9. http://arxiv.org/pdf/1409.0510.pdf.

19 Hameroff and Penrose, „In the Quantum World.”

20 Gardner, Frames of Mind; Iran-Nejad, „Active and Dynamic Self-Regulation”; Satel and Lilienfeld, Brainwashed.

21 Koch, Kristen, et al., „How Much the Eye Tells the Brain,” Current Biology 16 (2006): 1428–34; Markowsky, „Information Theory”; Fan, „ITACC.”

22 Leaf, The Gift in You.

23 Walker, H. K., W. D. Hall, and J. W. Hurst, eds. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition. Boston: Butter- worths, 1990. Chap. 57.

24 Karim, Nader, Glenn E. Schafe, and Joseph E. Le Doux. „Fear Memories Require Protein Synthesis in the Amygdala for Reconsolidation after Retrieval.” Nature 406 (August 17, 2000): 722–26.

25 Sharot, Tali. „The Optimism Bias: A Tour of the Irrationally Positive.” TED Talk. June 14, 2011. http://www.ted.com/talks/tali_sharot_the_optimism_bias?language=en.

26 Nader et al., „Fear Memories.”

27 Ibid.

28 Cleeremans, A., and J. C. Sarrazin. „Time, Action, and Consciousness.” Human Movement Science 26, no. 2 (April 2007):180–202.

29 Misra, B., and E. C. G. Sudarshan. „The Zeno’s Paradox in Quantum Theory.” Journal of Mathematical Physics 18 (1977): 756. doi:10.1063/1.523304; Fischer, M. C., B. Gutiérrez-Medina, and M. G. Raizen. „Observation of the Quantum Zeno and Anti-Zeno Effects in an Unstable System.” Physical Review Letters 87, no. 4 (July 23, 2001): 1–4. http://arxiv.org/pdf/quant-ph/0104035.pdf; Schwartz,
Jeffrey M., Henry P. Stapp, and Mario Beauregard. „Quantum Physics in Neuroscience and Psychology: a Neurophysical Model of Mind–Brain Interaction.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 360, no. 1458 (2005): 1309–27.

30 Leaf et al., „The Development of a Model for Geodesic Learning”; The Senses—A Primer (Part I). The Dana Foundation. http://www.brainfacts.org/Sensing-Thinking-Behaving/Senses-and-Perception/Articles/2013/The-Senses-A-Primer-Part-I; The Senses— A Primer (Part II). The Dana Foundation. http://www.brainfacts.org/Sensing-Thinking-Behaving/Senses-and-Perception/Articles/2013/The-Senses-A-Primer-Part-II.

31 Kandel, „The Molecular Biology of Memory”; Lipton, B. H., K. G. Bensch, and M. A. Karasek. „Microvessel Endothelial Cell Transdifferentiation: Phenotypic Characterization.” Differentiation 46, no. 2 (1991): 117–33; Lipton, B. H., K. G. Bensch, and M. A. Karasek. „Histamine-Modulated Transdifferentiation of Dermal Microvascular Endothelial Cells.” Experimental Cell Research 199, no. 2 (1992): 279–91.

32 Schwartz et al., „Quantum Physics in Neuroscience and Psychology.”

Rozdział 11: Toksyczne harmonogramy i telewizja: bliźniaczy wrogowie naszych umysłów

1 Wolff, Jonathan. „Technology Just Makes Us All Busier.” The Guardian. November 7, 2011. http://gu.com/p/3359x/sbl.

2 Gleick, James. Faster: The Acceleration of Just about Everything. New York: Vintage, 2000.

3 The Directorate of Time at the US Naval Observatory is the oftcial source of time used in the United States. http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/gif/timex.html.

4 Chang, Lin. „The Role of Stress on Physiological Responses and Clinical Symptoms in Irritable Bowel Syndrome.” Gastroenterology 140, no. 3 (March 2011): 761–65; Glise, Kristina, Gunnar Ahlborg, and Ingibj H. Jonsdottir. „Prevalence and Course of Somatic Symptoms in Patients with Stress-Related Exhaustion: Does Sex or Age Matter.” BMC Psychiatry 14, no. 1 (2014): 118; Keightley, Philip C., Natasha A. Koloski, and Nicholas J. Talley. „Pathways in Gut-Brain Communication: Evidence for Distinct Gut-to-Brain and Brain-to-Gut Syndromes.” Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 49, no. 3 (2015): 207–14; Kennedy, P. J., G. Clarke, A. O’Neill, J. A. Groeger, E. M. M. Quigley, F. Shanahan, J. F. Cryan, and T. G. Dinan. „Cognitive Performance in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Evidence of a Stress-Related Impairment in Visuospatial Memory.” Psychological Medicine 44, no. 7 (2014): 1553–66.

5 Bittman, Mark. „Slow Food Quickens the Pace.” New York Times, March 26, 2013. http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/03/26/slow-food-quickens-the-pace/?_r=0.

6 Schlosser, Fast Food Nation.

7 Gleick, Faster, Kindle location 226–30.

8 Gustafson, Ellen. „Obesity + Hunger = 1 Global Food Issue.” Ted Talk. May 2010. https://www.ted.com/talks/ellen_gustafson_obesity_hunger_1_ global_food_issue#t-482099; Via, Michael. „The Malnutrition of Obesity: Micro- nutrient Deficiencies That Promote Diabetes.” Endocrinology (2012): 103472; Gustafson, We the Eaters.

9 Nestle, Marion. „Soft Drink ‘Pouring Rights’: Marketing Empty Calories to Children.” Public Health Reports 115, no. 4 (2000): 308–19; Nestle, Food Politics.

10 Saleem, Munazza, Aimal Hassan, Tahir Mahmood, Saba Mushtaq, Javeria Bhatti, and Matloob Azam. „Factors Associated with Excessive TV Viewing in School Children of Wah Cantt, Pakistan.” Rawal Medical Journal 39, no. 3
(2014): 323–26; Christakis, D. A., F. J. Zimmerman, D. L. DiGiuseppe, and C. A. McCarty. „Early Television Exposure and Subsequent Attentional Problems in Children.” Pediatrics 113, no. 4 (April 2004): 708–13; Lin, L. Y., R. J. Cherng,

Y. J. Chen, and H. M. Yang. „Effects of Television Exposure on Developmental Skills among Young Children.” Infant Behavior and Development 38 (February 2015): 20–26; Hamer, M., E. Stamatakis, and G. D. Mishra. „Television-and Screen-Based Activity and Mental Well-being in Adults.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 38, no. 4 (April 2010): 375–80; Costa, Silvia, William Johnson, and Russell M. Viner. „Health Effects of Media on Children and Adolescents.” Pediatrics 125, no. 4 (April 2010): 756–67; Japas, Claudio, Synnly Knutsen, Salem Dehom, Hildemar Dos Santos, and Serena Tonstad. „Body Mass Index Gain between Ages 20 and 40 Years and Lifestyle Characteristics of Men at Ages 40–60 Years: The Adventist Health Study-2.” Obesity Research and Clinical Practice 8, no. 6 (2014): e549–57; Shiue, Ivy. „Duration of Daily TV/Screen Watching with Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Mental and Psychiatric Health: Scottish Health Survey, 2012–2013.” International Journal of Cardiology 186 (2015): 241–46.

11 Christakis et al., „Early Television Exposure.”

12 Cherng et al., „Effects of Television Exposure.”

13 Hamer et al., „Television and Screen-Based Activity”; Strasburger, Victor C., Amy B. Jordan, and Ed Donnerstein. „Health Effects of Media on Children and Adolescents. ” Pediatrics 125, no. 4 (2010): 756–67.

14 Abrams, Michael, and Dan Winters. „Can You See with Your Tongue? The Brain Is So Adaptable, Some Researchers Now Think, That Any of the Five Senses Can Be Rewired.” Discover Magazine, June 1, 2003, http://discovermagazine.com/2003/jun/feattongue; Bach-y-Rita, P. „Tactile Sensory Substitution Studies.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1013 (May 2004): 83–91; Fuchs and Flügg, „Adult Neuroplasticity.”

15 Pierce, R. Christopher, and Louk J. M. J. Vanderschuren. „Kicking the Habit: The Neural Basis of Ingrained Behaviors in Cocaine Addiction.” Neurosci- ence and Biobehavioral Reviews 35, no. 2 (November 2010): 212–19.

16 American Academy of Pediatrics. „Familiarity with Television Fast-Food Ads Linked to Obesity.” ScienceDaily. April 29, 2012. www.sciencedaily.com

/releases/2012/04/120429085415.htm; Boyland, Emma J., Melissa Kavanagh- Safran, and Jason C. G. Halford. „Exposure to ‘Healthy’ Fast Food Meal Bundles in Television Advertisements Promotes Liking for Fast Food but Not Healthier Choices in Children.” British Journal of Nutrition 113, no. 6 (2015): 1012–18; Uribe, Rodrigo, and Alejandra Fuentes-García. „The Effects of TV Unhealthy Food Brand Placement on Children. Its Separate and Joint Effect with Advertising.” Appetite (2015): 165–72; Kraak, V. I., and M. Story. „An Accountability Evaluation for the Industry’s Responsible Use of Brand Mascots and Licensed Media Characters to Market a Healthy Diet to American Children.” Obesity Reviews (2015): 433–53; Cornwell, T. Bettina, Anna R. McAlister, and Nancy Polmear-Swendris. „Children’s Knowledge of Packaged and Fast Food Brands and Their BMI. Why the Relationship Matters for Policy Makers.” Appetite 81 (2014): 277–83.

17 Rusmevichientong, P., N. A. Streletskaya, W. Amatyakul, and H. M. Kaiser. „The Impact of Food Advertisements on Changing Eating Behaviors: An Experimental Study.” Food Policy 44 (2014): 59–67.

18 Kemps, Eva, Marika Tiggemann, and Sarah Hollitt. „Exposure to Television Food Advertising Primes Food-related Cognitions and Triggers Motivation to Eat.” Psychology & Health 29, no. 10 (2014): 1192. doi:10.1080/08870446.2014.918267.

19 Boyland, E. J., et al. „Food Commercials Increase Preference for Energy Dense Foods, Particularly in Children Who Watch More Television.” Pediatrics (2011): e93–e100. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-185; Mathias, Kevin C., et al. „Foods and Beverages Associated with Higher Intake of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine (2013): 351–57. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2012.11.036.

20 Olafsdottir, Steingerdur, et al. „Young Children’s Screen Habits Are Associated with Consumption of Sweetened Beverages Independently of Paren- tal Norms.” International Journal of Public Health (2013): 65–73. doi:10.1007/ s00038-013-0473-2.

21 Rudd Center for Food and Policy. „Food Marketing.” 2015. http://www.uconnruddcenter.org/food-marketing; World Health Organization. „A Framework for Implementing the Set of Recommendations on the Marketing of Foods and Non-alcoholic Beverages to Children.” 2012. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/80148/1/9789241503242_eng.pdf?ua=1.

22 Rudd Center, „Food Marketing”; Bernhardt, Amy M., et al. „How Television Fast Food Marketing Aimed at Children Compares with Adult Advertisements.” PLoS One 8, no. 8 (2013): e72479. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0072479; American Academy of Pediatrics, „Familiarity with Television”; Boyland, Emma J.,
and Jason C. G. Halford. „Television Advertising and Branding: Effects on Eating Behaviour and Food Preferences in Children.” Appetite 62 (2013): 236–41; Uribe and Fuentes-Garcia, „Effects of TV”; Kraak and Story, „Influence of Food Com- panies’ Brand Mascots”; Cornwell et al., „Children’s Knowledge.”

23 Ibid.; Rusmevichientong et al., „The Impact of Food Advertisements.”

24 Story, Mary, and Simone French. „Food Advertising and Marketing Directed at Children and Adolescents in the US.” International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 1 (2004): 3.

25 Leibowitz, J., et al. „A Review of Food Marketing to Children and Ado- lescents: Follow-Up Report.” Washington, DC: Federal Trade Commission, 2012.

26 Rudd Center, „Food Marketing.”

27 Scully, P., et al. „Food and Beverage Cues in UK and Irish Children— Television Programming.” Archives of Disease in Childhood (2014). doi:10.1136/ archdischild-2013-305430.

28 Scully et al., „Food and Beverage Cues”; Rudd Center, „Food Marketing”; Kunkel, Dale, Christopher McKinley, and Paul Wright. „The Impact of Industry Self-Regulation on the Nutritional Quality of Foods Advertised on Television to Children.” Children Now (2010): 9–38; Ronit, Karsten, et al. „Obesity and Industry Self-Regulation of Food and Beverage Marketing: a Literature Review.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 68, no. 7 (2014): 753–59; Reeve, Belinda. „Private Governance, Public Purpose? Assessing Transparency and Accountability in Self-Regulation of Food Advertising to Children.” Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 10, no. 2 (2013): 149–63.

29 Caballero, Benjamin. „The Global Epidemic of Obesity: An Overview.” Epidemiologic Reviews 29, no. 1 (2007): 1–5; Malhotra, A. „Obesity among In- dian Adolescents: Some Emerging Trends.” Journal of Obesity and Metabolic Research 1, no. 1 (2014): 46–48.

30 Ronit et al., „Obesity and Industry.”

31 Dentzer, S. „The Child Abuse We Inflict Through Child Obesity.” Health Affairs 29, no. 3 (2010): 342; Jackson, Sandra L., and Solveig A. Cunningham. „Social Competence and Obesity in Elementary School.” American Journal of Public Health 105, no. 1 (2015): 153–58.

32 Lustig, Robert H. Fat Chance: Beating the Odds Against Sugar, Processed Food, Obesity, and Disease. New York: Plume, 2013.

33 Choudry, Souvik. „Fast Food for the Mind: Why I Don’t Have a Facebook or Twitter Account.” Forbes, April 2014, http://www.forbes.com/sites/sungardas/2014/04/08/fast-food-for-the-mind-why-i-dont-have-a-facebook-or-twitter-account.

34 Leiter, Melissa. „The Lifespan of Social Media Posts.” Melissaleiter.com. June 19, 2014. http://www.melissaleiter.com/lifespan-of-social-media-posts/.

35 Craddock and Tuszynski, „A Critical Assessment.”

36 Leaf, Switch On Your Brain.

37 Sussman, Steve, and Meghan B. Moran. „Hidden Addiction: Television.” Journal of Behav Addict. 2, no. 3 (2013): 125–32; Bilimoria, P. M.,
T. K. Hensch, and D. Bavelier. „A Mouse Model for Too Much TV?” Trends Cogn Sci 16, no. 11 (2012): 529–31; Olsen, C. M. „Natural Rewards, Neuroplasticity, and Non-Drug Addictions.” Neuropharmacology 61, no. 7 (2011): 1109–22.

38 Doidge, Norman. The Brain That Changes Itself: Stories of Personal Tri- umph from the Frontiers of Brain Science. New York: Penguin, 2007. Kindle Edition, 309.

39 Ibid.

40 Harris, Jennifer L., and Samantha K. Graff. „Protecting Young People from Junk Food Advertising: Implications of Psychological Research for First Amend- ment Law.” American Journal of Public Health 102, no. 2 (2012): 214–22; Harris, Jennifer L., John A. Bargh, and Kelly D. Brownell. „Priming Effects of Television Food Advertising on Eating Behavior.” Health Psychol 28, no. 4 (2009): 404–13.

41 Malik, Vasanti S., Matthias B. Schulze, and Frank B. Hu. „Intake of Sugar- Sweetened Beverages and Weight Gain: a Systematic Review.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 84, no. 2 (2006): 274–88.

42 Jackson, K., et al. „Amylin Deposition in the Brain: A Second Amyloid in Alzheimer Disease?” Ann Neurol 74, no. 4 (2013): 517–26; Vlassenko, Andrei G., and Marcus E. Raichle. „Brain Aerobic Glycolysis Functions and Alzheimer’s Disease.” Clinical and Translational Imaging (2014): 1–11.

43 Li, J., D. Liu, L. Sun, Y. Lu, and Z. Zhang. „Advanced Glycation End Products and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Mechanisms and Perspective.” Journal of the Neurological Sciences 317, nos. 1, 2 (2012): 1–5.

44 Harding, J. L., et al. „Psychosocial Stress Is Positively Associated with Body Mass Index Gain over 5 Years: Evidence from the Longitudinal Ausdiab Study Obesity.” Obesity 22, no. 1 (2014): 277–86; Arbex, Marcos Abdo, et al. „Air Pol- lution from Biomass Burning and Asthma Hospital Admissions in a Sugar Cane Plantation Area in Brazil.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health (2007): 395–400.

45 Rothschild, H., and J. J. Mulvey. „An Increased Risk for Lung Cancer Mortality Associated with Sugarcane Farming.” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 68, no. 5 (1982): 755–60; Silveira, Henrique César Santejo, et al. „Emis- sions Generated by Sugarcane Burning Promote Genotoxicity in Rural Workers: A Case Study in Barretos, Brazil.” Environmental Health 12, no. 1 (2013): 87–92; Ould, David. „Traftcking and International Law.” The Political Economy of New Slavery (2004): 55–74; Rahman, Majeed A. „Human Traftcking in the Era of Globalization: The Case of Traftcking in the Global Market Economy.” Transcience Journal 2 (2011): 54–71; Martin, Michael T. „Documenting Modern-Day Slavery in the Dominican Republic: An Interview with Amy Serrano.” Camera Obscura 25, no. 274 (2010): 161–71; Smucker, Glenn R., and Gerald F. Murray. „The Uses of Children: A Study of Traftcking in Haitian Children.” USAID/ Haiti Mission, 2004.

46 Leaf, Caroline. „The Switch On Your Brain 5-Step Learning Process.” Dallas, TX: Switch on Your Brain USA LP, 2009.

47 Remondes, M., and E. M. Schuman. „Role for a Cortical Input to Hip- pocampal Area CA1 in the Consolidation of a Long-Term Memory.” Nature 431, no. 7009 (2004): 699–703.

Rozdział 12: Co cię zjada?

1 Toussaint-Samat, Maguelonne. A History of Food. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.

2 Filaretova, L. „The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical System: Hormonal Brain-Gut Interaction and Gastroprotection.” Autonomic Neuroscience 125 (2006): 86–93; Ahima, Rexford S., and Daniel A. Antwi. „Brain Regulation of Appetite and Satiety.” Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 37, no. 4 (2008): 811–23; Kojima, K., et al. „Relationship of Emotional Behaviors Induced by Electrical Stimulation of the Hypothalamus to Changes in EKG, Heart, Stomach, Adrenal Glands, and Thymus.” Psychosomatic Medicine 58, no. 4 (1996): 383–91; Luna, Ruth Ann, and Jane A. Foster. „Gut Brain Axis: Diet Microbiota Interactions and Implications for Modulation of Anxiety and Depression.” Current Opinion in Biotechnology 32 (2015): 35–41; Cryan, John F., and Timothy G. Dinan. „More than a Gut Feeling: the Microbiota Regulates Neurodevelopment and Behavior.” Neuropsychopharmacology 40, no. 1 (2015): 241–42; Mayer, Emeran A. „Gut Feelings: The Emerging Biology of Gut-Brain Communication.” National Review of Neuroscience 12, no. 8 (2011): 453–66; Macht, Michael. „Research Review How Emotions Affect Eating: A Five-Way Model.” Appetite 50 (2008): 1–11.

3 Pert, Candace B. Molecules of Emotion: The Science Behind Mind-Body Medicine. New York: Scribner, 1999.

4 Steere, J., and P. J. Cooper. „The Effects on Eating of Dietary Restraint, Anxiety, and Hunger.” International Journal of Eating Disorders 13, no. 2 (1993): 211–19; Lee, S. P., et al. „The Effect of Emotional Stress and Depression on the Prevalence of Digestive Diseases.” Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motil- ity 21 (2015): 273–82.

5 Steere and Cooper, „Effects on Eating.”

6 Selye, Hans. „Stress and the General Adaptation Syndrome.” BMJ 1, no. 4667 (1950): 1383–92.

7 Friedman, Lawrence. „How the Mind-Gut Connection Affects Your Health. The ‘Second Brain’ in Your Stomach Can Cause or Relieve Illness and Stress. Here’s How It Works.” NextAvenue.org. June 24, 2013. http://www.nextavenue.org/how-mind-gut-connection-affects-your-health/; Luna and Foster, „Gut Brain Axis”; Cryan and Dinan, „More than a Gut Feeling”; Keightley, Philip C., Natasha A. Koloski, and Nicholas J. Talley. „Pathways in Gut-Brain Communication: Evidence for Distinct Gut-to-Brain and Brain-to-Gut Syndromes.” Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 49, no. 3 (2015): 207–14.

8 Ibid.; Arranga, Teri, Claire I. Viadro, and Lauren Underwood, eds. Bugs, Bowels, and Behavior: The Groundbreaking Story of the Gut-Brain Connection. New York: Skyhorse Publishing, June 1, 2013; Macht, „How Emotions Affect Eating”; Cannon, W. B. The Wisdom of the Body. New York: Norton, 1947.

9 McConalogue, K., and J. B. Furness. „Gastrointestinal Neurotransmitters.” Baillieres Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 8, no. 1 (1994): 51–76.

10 Gershon, Michael. The Second Brain: The Scientific Basis of Gut Instinct and a Groundbreaking New Understanding of Nervous Disorders of the Stomach and Intestine. New York: HarperCollins, 1998; Johns Hopkins Medicine. „It’s High Time for the Gut-Brain.” December 12, 2012. http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/publications/inside_tract/inside_tract_fall_2012/its_high_time_for_ the_gut_brain.

11 Avallone R., et al. „Endogenous Benzodiazepine-Like Compounds and Diazepam Binding Inhibitor in Serum of Patients with Liver Cirrhosis with and without Overt Encephalopathy.” Gut 42, no. 6 (1998): 861–67.

12 Orr, W., et al. „Sleep and Gastric Function in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Derailing the Brain-Gut Axis.” Gut 41, no. 3 (1997): 390–93.

13 Dotto, L. „Sleep Stages, Memory and Learning.” CMAJ 154, no. 8 (1996): 1193–96.

14 Reardon, Sara. „Gut-Brain Link Grabs Neuroscientists Idea that Intestinal Bacteria Affect Mental Health Gains Ground.” Nature. November 12, 2014. http://www.nature.com/news/gut-brain-link-grabs-neuroscientists-1.16316.

15 Stewart, Charles. „William Beaumont, the Man and the Opportunity.” In Roberts. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examina- tions. 3rd edition. Ed. H. K. Walker, W. D. Hall, and J. W. Hurst. Boston: But- terworths, 1990.

16 Beaumont, William. Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830900321.html.

17 Friedman, „Mind-Gut Connection”; Mai, F. M. „Beaumont’s Contribution to Gastric Psychophysiology: A Reappraisal.” Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 33, no. 7 (1988): 650–53.

18 Gershon, The Second Brain.

19 Mayer, „Gut Feelings.”

20 Gershon, The Second Brain.

21 Duke University. „Researchers Map Direct Gut-Brain Connection.” Sci- enceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/01/150106095120.htm (accessed April 23, 2015); ETH Zürich. „How the ‘Gut Feeling’ Shapes Fear.” ScienceDaily. May 22, 2014. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140522104848.htm; Kavli Foundation. „Could Gut Microbes Help Treat Brain Disorders? Mounting Research Tightens Their Connection with the Brain.” ScienceDaily. January 8, 2015. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/01/150108125953.htm; Karolinska Institutet. „Gut Microbiota Influences Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability.” ScienceDaily. November 19, 2014. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/11/141119142205.htm.

22 Grundy, David, et al. „Fundamentals of Neurogastroenterology: Basic Science.” Gastroenterology 130 (2006): 1391–1411.

23 Gershon, The Second Brain.

24 Furness, J. B., et al. „The Enteric Nervous System and Gastrointestinal In- nervation: Integrated Local and Central Control.” Adv Exp Med Biol 817 (2014): 39–71.

25 Sadler, Thomas W. Langman’s Medical Embryology. Philadelphia: Lip- pincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011. 67.

26 Arranga et al., Bugs, Bowels, and Behavior.

27 Furness et al., „The Enteric Nervous System.”

28 Ratcliffe, E. M., N. R. Farrar, and E. A. Fox. „Development of the Vagal Innervation of the Gut: Steering the Wandering Nerve.” Neurogastroenterology and Motility 23, no. 10 (2011): 898–911.

29 Wang, G. J., et al. „Gastric Distention Activates Satiety Circuitry in the Human Brain.” Neuroimage 39, no. 4 (2008): 1824–31.

30 Mayer, „Gut Feelings.”

31 „H.R.4432—Safe and Accurate Food Labeling Act of 2014.” 113th Congress (2013–2014). https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/4432; Borra,S. „Consumer Perspectives on Food Labels.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83, no. 5 (2006): 1235S; Philipson, T. „Government Perspective: Food Labeling.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 82, no. S1 (2005): 262S–64S; Mandle, Jessie, et al. „Nutrition Labelling: A Review of Research on Consumer and Industry Re- sponse in the Global South.” Global Health Action 8 (2015): 10.3402/gha.v8.25912.

32 Kidwell, Blair, Jonathan Hasford, and David M. Hardesty. „Emotional Ability Training and Mindful Eating.” Journal of Marketing Research (2014): 140723133331005. doi:10.1509/jmr.13.0188; Lofgren, Ingrid Elizabeth. „Mindful Eating: An Emerging Approach for Healthy Weight Management.” American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine (2015): 1559827615569684; Smart, Rebekah, et al. „Women’s Experience with a Mindful Eating Course on a University Campus: A Pilot Study.” Californian Journal of Health Promotion 13, no. 1 (2015): 59–65; Olson, KayLoni L., and Charles F. Emery. „Mindfulness and Weight Loss: A Systematic Review.” Psychosomatic Medicine 77, no. 1 (2015): 59–67.

33 Ibid.; Wansink, Brian. Mindless Eating: Why We Eat More Than We Think. New York: Bantam, 2006.

34 Kidwell, „Emotional Ability Training.”

35 Drossman, Douglas A. Rome II: The Functional Gastrointestinal Dis- orders: Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, and Treatment: A Multinational Consensus. McLean: Degnon Associates, 2000.

36 Heffernan, Margaret. Willful Blindness: Why We Ignore the Obvious at Our Peril. New York: Walker, 2011.

37 „You Think Food Tastes Better If It’s Expensive.” TIME. May 1, 2014. http://time.com/84332/you-think-food-tastes-better-if-its-expensive/; Almenberg, Johan, and Anna Dreber. „When Does the Price Affect the Taste? Results from a Wine Experiment.” Journal of Wine Economics 6, no. 1 (2011): 111–21; Veale, Roberta, and Pascale Quester. „Consumer Sensory Evaluations of Wine Qual- ity: The Respective Influence of Price and Country of Origin.” Journal of Wine Economics 3, no. 1 (2008): 10–29; Veale, Roberta, and Pascale Quester. „Tasting Quality: the Roles of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Cues.” Asia Pacific Journal of Mar- keting and Logistics 21, no. 1 (2009): 195–207.

38 Just, David, Ozge Sigirci, and Brian Wansink. „Lower Buffet Prices Lead to Less Taste Satisfaction.” Journal of Sensory Studies 29 (2014): 362–70.

39 Rozin, P., S. Dow, M. Moscovitch, and S. Rajaram. „What Causes Humans to Begin and End a Meal? A Role for Memory for What Has Been Eaten, as Evidenced by a Study of Multiple Meal Eating in Amnesic Patients.” Psychological Science 9, no. 5 (1998): 392–96.

40 Winterich, Karen Page, and Kelly L. Haws. „Helpful Hopefulness: The Effect of Future Positive Emotions on Consumption.” Journal of Consumer Re- search 38, no. 3 (2011): 505–24. doi: 10.1086/659873.

41 Morris, N. P. „The Neglect of Nutrition in Medical Education: A Firsthand Lookoło” Internal Medicine 174, no. 6 (2014): 841–42; Nestle, Marion, and Robert B. Baron. „Nutrition in Medical Education: From Counting Hours to Measuring Competence.” Internal Medicine 174, no. 6 (2014): 843–44.

42 Nee, Watchman. The Spiritual Man. Anaheim, CA: Living Stream Min- istry, 1968.

43 Leaf, The Gift in You; Leaf, Perfectly You online program.

44 Nee, The Spiritual Man.

45 Sadler, Langman’s Medical Embryology.

46 Leaf, Caroline. „‘Spirit, Soul and Body’ in Scientific Philosophy.” http://dr leaf.com/about/scientific-philosophy/.

47 Stote, Kim S., et al. „A Controlled Trial of Reduced Meal Frequency without Caloric Restriction in Healthy, Normal-Weight, Middle-Aged Adults.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 85, no. 4 (2007): 981–88.

48 Trepanowski, John F., and Richard J. Bloomer. „The Impact of Religious Fasting on Human Health.” Nutrition Journal 9 (2010): 57.

49 Wegman, Martin P., et al. „Practicality of Intermittent Fasting in Humans and its Effect on Oxidative Stress and Genes Related to Aging and Metabolism.” Rejuvenation Research (2014): 141229080855001. doi:10.1089/rej.2014.1624; Intermountain Medical Center. „Fasting Reduces Cholesterol Levels in Prediabetic People over Extended Period of Time, New Research Finds.” June 14, 2014; Anson, R. M., et al. „Intermittent Fasting Dissociates Beneficial Effects of Dietary Re- striction on Glucose Metabolism and Neuronal Resistance to Injury from Calorie Intake.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 100, no. 10 (2003): 6216–20; Mattson M. P., and R. Wan. „Beneficial Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Caloric Restriction on the Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Systems.”
J Nutr Biochem 16, no. 3 (2005): 129–37; Halagappa, V. K., et al. „Intermittent Fasting and Caloric Restriction Ameliorate Age-Related Behavioral Deficits in the Triple-Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease.” Neurobiol Dis 26, no. 1 (2007): 212–20; Martin, B., M. P. Mattson, and S. Maudsley. „Caloric Restriction and Intermittent Fasting: Two Potential Diets for Successful Brain Aging.” Ageing Res Rev 5, no. 3 (2006): 332–53. http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/85/4/981.short; Trepanowski, J. F., and R. J. Bloomer. „The Impact of Religious Fasting on Human Health.” Nutr J 22, no. 9 (2010): 57; Weindruch, Richard, and Rajindar S. Sohal. „Caloric Intake and Aging.” New England Journal of Medicine 337, no. 14 (1997): 986–94.

50 B. Martin et al., „Caloric Restriction”; Martin-Montalvo, A., and R. de Cabo. „Mitochondrial Metabolic Reprogramming Induced by Calorie Restric- tion.” Antioxid Redox Signal 19, no. 3 (2013): 310–20.

51 Wang, J., et al. „Caloric Restriction Favorably Impacts Metabolic and Im- mune/Inflammatory Profiles in Obese Mice but Curcumin/Piperine Consumption Adds No Further Benefit.” Nutr Metab (Lond) 10, no. 1 (2013): 29.

52 Mattson and Wan, „Beneficial Effects”; Maswood, Navin, et al. „Caloric Restriction Increases Neurotrophic Factor Levels and Attenuates Neurochemical and Behavioral Deficits in a Primate Model of Parkinson’s Disease.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101, no. 52 (2004): 18171–76.

53 Srivastava, S., and M. C. Haigis. „Role of Sirtuins and Calorie Restriction in Neuroprotection: Implications in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases.” Curr Pharm Des 17, no. 31 (2011): 3418–33.

54 Acheson, Ann, et al. „A BDNF Autocrine Loop in Adult Sensory Neurons Prevents Cell Death.” Nature 374 (1995): 450–53; Huang, Eric J., and Louis F. Reichardt. „Neurotrophins: Roles in Neuronal Development and Function.” An- nual Review of Neuroscience 24 (2001): 677.

55 Mattson and Wan, „Beneficial Effects.”

56 Halagappa et al., „Intermittent Fasting.”

57 B. Martin et al., „Caloric Restriction.”

58 Trepanowski and Bloomer, „Impact of Religious Fasting.”

59 Ibid.; Bloomer, Richard J., et al. „Effect of a 21 Day Daniel Fast on Meta- bolic and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Men and Women.” Lipids in Health and Disease 9, no. 1 (2010): 94.

60 McKnight, Scot. Fasting: The Ancient Practices. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2010. Kindle Edition.

61 Murray, Andrew. With Christ in the School of Prayer. Springdale, PA: Whitaker House, 1981. 101; McKnight, Fasting.

62 McKnight, Fasting.

Rozdział 13: Tak wygląda twój mózg na tomografii

1 Kinderman, Peter. „Why We Need to Abandon the Disease Model of Mental Health Care. Scientific American.” MIND Guest Blog. November 17, 2014. http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/mind-guest-blog/2014/11/17/why-we-need-to-abandon-the-disease-model-of-mental-health-care/.

2 Dossey, L. „Counterclockwise: When Biology Is Not Destiny.” Explore (NY) 11, no. 2 (2015): 75–81; Diamond, Adele, and Dima Amso. „Contributions of Neuroscience to Our Understanding of Cognitive Development.” Curr Dir Psychol Sci 17, no. 2 (2008): 136–41.

3 Langer, E., and J. Rodin. „The Effects of Choice and Enhanced Personality on the Aged: a Field Experience in an Institutional Setting.” Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 34 (1976): 191–98.

4 Beauregard, Mario. Brain Wars: The Scientific Battle over the Existence of the Mind and the Proof that Will Change the Way We Live Our Lives. New York: HarperCollins, 2013.

5 Leaf, Switch On Your Brain; Leaf, „Ridiculous”; Leaf, „Mind-Mapping: A Therapeutic Technique.”

6 Beauregard, Brain Wars.

7 Machado, Armando. „Toward a Richer View of the Scientific Method: The Role of Conceptual Analysis.” American Psychologist 62, no. 7 (2007): 671–81.

8 Satel and Lilienfeld, Brainwashed; Hall, Wayne, Adrian Carter, and Cynthia Forlini. „The Brain Disease Model of Addiction: Is It Supported by the Evidence and Has It Delivered on its Promises?” The Lancet Psychiatry 2, no. 1 (2015): 105–10; Lilienfeld, Scott O., Steven Jay Lynn, and Rachel J. Ammirati. „Science Versus Pseudoscience.” The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology. Wiley Online Library, 2015.

9 Bandettini, Peter A. „What’s New in Neuroimaging Methods?” Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1156 (2009): 260–93; Columbia Center for New Media Teaching and Learning. „Neuroimaging, Visualizing Brain Structure and Function.” http://ccn mtl.columbia.edu/projects/neuroethics/module1/foundationtext/.

10 Satel and Lilienfeld, Brainwashed.

11 Ibid.

12 Ibid.

Rozdział 14: Pogubione emocje, destruktywne zachowanie

1 Kandel, „The Molecular Biology of Memory”; Nader, Karim, Glenn E. Schafe, and Joseph E. Le Doux. „Fear Memories Require Protein Synthesis in the Amygdala for Reconsolidation after Retrieval.” Nature 406 (2000): 722–26; Smith, S. L., I. T. Smith, T. Branco, M. Tusser. „Dendritic Spikes Enhance Stimulus Se- lectivity in Cortical Neurons In Vivo.” Nature 503 (2013):115–20; Shefteld, Mark E. J., and Daniel A. Dombeck. „Calcium Transient Prevalence Across the Dendritic Arbour Predicts Place Field Properties.” Nature 517 (2015): 200–204; Fodor, J. The Modularity of Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT/Bradford, 1983; Jog, M. S., et al. „Building Neural Representations of Habits.” Science 286 (1999): 1745–49; Gardner, B., P. Lally, and J. Wardle. „Making Health Habitual: The Psychology Of ‘Habit-Formation’ and General Practice.” Br J Gen Pract 62 (2012): 664–66.

2 Leaf, Caroline. Switch On Your Brain. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2013.

3 „How Healthy Behaviour Supports Children’s Wellbeing.” Gov.uk. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/how-healthy-behaviour-supports-childrens-wellbeing; Mitchell, J. A., et al. „Sedentary Behaviour and Obesity in a Large Cohort of Children.” Obesity 17, no. 8 (2009): 1596–1602; Smith, L.,
B. Gardner, and M. Hamer. „Childhood Correlates of Adult TV Viewing Time: A 32-Year Follow-Up of the 1970 British Cohort Study.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health (2014): 1–5.

4 McEwen, Bruce S. The End of Stress as We Know It. New York: Dana Press, 2012. Kindle Edition, locations 2964–69; Richards, Marcus, and Felicia A. Huppert. „Do Positive Children Become Positive Adults? Evidence from a Longitudinal Birth Cohort Study.” J Posit Psychol 6, no. 1 (2011): 75–87.

5 Leaf, Caroline. „Who Switched Off My Brain?: Controlling Toxic Thoughts and Emotions.” Southlake: Inprov Ltd., 2008.

6 Ricca, V., et al. „Emotional Eating in Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa.” Compr Psychiatry 53, no. 3 (2012): 245–51.

7 Sullivan, Patrick F. „Mortality in Anorexia Nervosa.” American Journal of Psychiatry 152, no. 7 (1995): 1073–74.

8 Selby, E. A., et al. „Nothing Tastes as Good as Thin Feels: Low Positive Emotion Differentiation and Weight-Loss Activities in Anorexia Nervosa.” Clini- cal Psychological Science 2, no. 4 (2013): 514. doi:10.1177/2167702613512794.

9 Titova, O. E., et al. „Anorexia Nervosa Is Linked to Reduced Brain Structure in Reward and Somatosensory Regions: A Meta-Analysis of VBM Studies.” BMC Psychiatry 13 (2013): 110; Maguire, E. A., et al. „Navigation-Related Structural Change in the Hippocampi of Taxi Drivers.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97, no. 8 (2000): 4398–403.

10 Goodman, A. „Neurobiology of Addiction. An Integrative Review.” Biochem Pharmacol 75, no. 1 (2008): 266–322.

11 Smith, D. E. „The Process Addictions and the New ASAM Definition of Addiction.” J Psychoactive Drugs 44, no. 1 (2012): 1–4.

12 Garber, A. K., et al. „Is Fast Food Addictive? Food Craving and Food ‘Addiction’: A Critical Review of the Evidence from a Biopsychosocial Perspective.” Curr Drug Abuse Rev 4, no. 3 (2011): 146–62; Kaye, Walter H., et al. „Does a Shared Neurobiology for Foods and Drugs of Abuse Contribute to Extremes of Food Ingestion in Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa?” Biological Psychiatry 73, no. 9 (2013): 836–42; Brownell, Kelly D., and Kenneth E. Warner. „The Perils of Ignoring History: Big Tobacco Played Dirty and Millions Died. How Similar Is Big Food?” Milbank Quarterly 87, no. 1 (2009): 259–94.

13 Gearhardt, A. N., et al. „Neural Correlates of Food Addiction.” Arch Gen Psychiatry 68, no. 8 (2011): 808–16.

14 Lustig, Fat Chance; Moss, Michael. „The Extraordinary Science of Addictive Junk Food.” New York Times Magazine, Feb. 20, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/24/magazine/the-extraordinary-science-of-junk-food.html?_r=0; Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat, 339–40.

15 Guy, Allison. „How Food Scientists Engineer the ‘Bliss Point.’” Next Nature. February 26, 2013. http://www.nextnature.net/2013/02/how-food-scientists-engineer-the-bliss-point-in-junk-food/; Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat; Moss, „The Extraordinary Science of Addictive Junk Food”; Ferrier, Peyton. „Food in Popular Literature.” Choices 29, no. 1 (2014): 1–6; Fell-Carlson, Deborah L. „Safety: What’s Health Got to Do With It?” ASSE Professional Development Conference and Exposition. American Society of Safety Engineers, 2014; Roshan, N. M., and B. Sakeenabi. „Practical Problems in Use of Sugar Substitutes in Preventive Dentistry.” Journal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry 1, no. 1 (2011): 1.

16 Avena, N. M., P. Rada, and B. G. Hoebel. „Evidence for Sugar Addiction: Behavioral and Neurochemical Effects of Intermittent, Excessive Sugar Intake.” Neurosci Biobehav Rev 32, no. 1 (2008): 20–39.

17 Willett, Walter. Eat, Drink, and Be Healthy: The Harvard Medical School Guide to Healthy Eating. New York: Free Press, 2011. Kindle Edition, locations 1896–98.

18 Monteiro, C. A., et al. „Increasing Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods and Likely Impact on Human Health: Evidence from Brazil.” Public Health Nutr 14, no. 1 (2011): 5–13.

19 Gearhardt, A. N., et al. „The Addiction Potential of Hyperpalatable Foods.” Curr Drug Abuse Rev 4, no. 3 (2011): 140–45.

20 Ibid., 217; see also Brownell, K., and M. Gold. „Food products. Addiction. Also in the mind. [Commentary].” World Nutrition 3, no. 9 (2012): 392–405. www.wphna.org.

21 Rada, P., N. M. Avena, and B. G. Hoebel. „Daily Bingeing on Sugar Repeatedly Releases Dopamine in the Accumbens Shell.” Neuroscience 134, no. 3 (2005): 737–44.

22 Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat; Baik, J. H. „Dopamine Signaling in Food Addiction: Role of Dopamine D2 Receptors.” BMB Rep 46, no. 11 (2013): 519–26.

23 Doidge, Norman. „Hypnosis, Neuroplasticity, and the Plastic Paradox.” American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 57, no. 3 (2015): 349–54.

24 Doidge, Norman. The Brain That Changes Itself.

25 Satel and Lilienfeld, Brainwashed.

26 American Society of Addiction Medicine. „Definition of Addiction.” http:// www.asam.org/for-the-public/definition-of-addiction.

27 Peele, Stanton. Truth about Addiction and Recovery. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2014; Peele, Stanton. The Meaning of Addiction: Compulsive Experience and Its Interpretation. Lexington: Lexington Books/DC Heath and Com, 1985; Doherty, Brian. „Addiction: Easier to Beat Than Its Reputation.” October 1, 2014. http://reason.com/blog/2014/10/01/addiction-easier-to-beat-than-its-reputa; Satel and Lilienfeld, Brainwashed.

28 Satel and Lilienfeld, Brainwashed, chap. 6.

29 Quenqua, Douglas. „Rethinking Addiction’s Roots, and Its Treatment.” New York Times. July 10, 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/11/health/11addictions.html; see also Kalivas, Peter W., and Nora D. Volkow. „The Neural Basis of Addiction: A Pathology of Motivation and Choice.” American Journal of Psychiatry 162, no. 8 (2005): 1403–13; Koob, George F., and Nora D. Volkow. „Neu- rocircuitry of Addiction.” Neuropsychopharmacology 35, no. 1 (2010): 217–38.

30 Lubman, D. I., and C. Pantelis. „Addiction, a Condition of Compulsive Behaviour? Neuroimaging and Neuropsychological Evidence of Inhibitory Dys- regulation.” Addiction 99, no. 12 (2004): 1491–502; Satel and Lilienfeld, „Addiction and the Brain-Disease Fallacy.” Frontiers in Psychiatry 4 (2013): 1–11.

31 Kaati, G., L. O. Bygren, and M. Pembrey. „Transgenerational Response to Nutrition, Early Life Circumstances and Longevity.” Eur J Hum Genet 15, no. 7 (2007): 784–90.

32 Doidge, Brain That Changes Itself.

33 Berns, Gregory S., et al. „Short- and Long-Term Effects of a Novel on Connectivity in the Brain.” Brain Connectivity 3, no. 6 (2013): 590–600; Doidge, Brain That Changes Itself; Temple, Elise, et al. „Neural Deficits in Children with Dyslexia Ameliorated by Behavioral Remediation: Evidence from Functional MRI.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100, no. 5 (2003): 2860–65.

34 Peele, Truth about Addiction and Recovery; Peele, The Meaning of Addiction; Hasin, Deborah S., et al. „Prevalence, Correlates, Disability, and Comorbidity of DSM-IV Alcohol Abuse and Dependence in the United States: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.” Archives of General Psychiatry 64, no. 7 (2007): 830–42; Doherty, „Addiction”; Satel and Lilienfeld, „Addiction and the Brain-Disease Fallacy”; Peele, Stanton. „Government Says You Can’t Overcome Addiction, Contrary to What Government Research Shows. Why Does the National Institute on Drug Abuse Contradict Its Own Research?” Reason.com. February 1, 2014. https://reason.com/archive s/2014/02/01/the-government-wants-you-to-know-you-can; Grant, B. F., D. A. Dawson, and S. P. Chou. „National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey (NLAES) Reinterview Study: Major Findings.” Rockville, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 1994.

35 Satel and Lilienfeld, „Addiction and the Brain-Disease Fallacy.”

36 Lewis, C. S. The Weight of Glory and Other Addresses. New York: Macmillan, 1949. 26.

Rozdział 15: Ja i moje epigenetyczne środowisko

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3 Cairns et al., „Origin of Mutants”; Nijhout, H. F. „Metaphors and the Role of Genes in Development.” Bioessays 12, no. 9 (1990): 441–46; Lipton,
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4 Bassing, C. H., W. Swat, and F. W. Alt. „The Mechanism and Regulation of Chromosomal V(D)J Recombination.” Cell 109 (2002): S45–S55; Berg, Jer- emy M., John L. Tymoczko, and Lubert Stryer. „Diversity Is Generated by Gene Rearrangements.” Biochemistry. 5th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman, 2002. Section 33.4.

5 Stiles, J. „Brain Development and the Nature Versus Nurture Debate.” Prog Brain Res 189 (2011): 3–22.

6 Jaenisch, Rudolf, and Adrian Bird. „Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression: How the Genome Integrates Intrinsic and Environmental Signals.” Nature Genetics 33 (2003): 245–54.

7 Hernandez, L. M., and D. G. Blazer, eds. Genes, Behavior, and the Social Environment: Moving Beyond the Nature/Nurture Debate. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Assessing Interactions Among Social, Behavioral, and Genetic Factors in Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006.

8 Dolinoy, Dana C. „The Agouti Mouse Model: An Epigenetic Biosensor for Nutritional and Environmental Alterations on the Fetal Epigenome.” Nutrition Reviews 66, no. 1 (2008): S7–S11; Adams, Jill U. „Obesity, Epigenetics, and Gene Regulation.” Nature Education 1, no. 1 (2008): 128; Watters, Ethan. „DNA Is Not Destiny: The New Science of Epigenetics: Discoveries in Epigenetics are Rewriting the Rules of Disease, Heredity, and Identity.” Discovermagazine.com. November 22, 2006.

9 Leaf, The Gift in You.

10 Holliday, Robin. „Epigenetics: a Historical Overview.” Epigenetics 1, no. 2 (2006): 76–80; Bird, Adrian. „Perceptions of Epigenetics.” Nature 447,
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11 Day, J. J., and J. D. Sweatt. „Epigenetic Mechanisms in Cognition.” Neuron

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12 Tollefsbol, Trygve, ed. Handbook of Epigenetics: The New Molecular and Medical Genetics. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press, 2011.

13 Ganesan, A., et al. „Epigenetic Therapy: Histone Acetylation, DNA Methylation and Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery.” Curr Cancer Drug Targets 9, no. 8 (2009): 963–81.

14 Weinhold, Bob. „Epigenetics: The Science of Change.” Environmental Health Perspectives 114, no. 3 (2006): A160–A167; Ghost in Your Genes [DVD]. Retrieved May 9, 2010, http: www.pbs/wgbh/nova/transcripts/3413_genes.html.

15 Mihelic, Matthew. „Model of Biological Quantum Logic in DNA.” Life (Basel) 3, no. 3 (2013): 474–81; Rieper, Elisabeth. „Classical and Quantum Infor- mation in DNA.” Google Workshop on Quantum Biology. https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=2nqHOnVTxJE; Rieper, Elisabeth, Janet Anders, and Vlatko Ve- dral. „Quantum Physics: Quantum Entanglement between the Electron Clouds of Nucleic Acids in DNA.” http://arxiv.org/abs/1006.4053.

16 Antell, D. E., and E. M. Taczanowski. „How Environment and Lifestyle Choices Influence the Aging Process.” Ann Plast Surg 43, no. 6 (1999): 585–88; Irigaray, P., et al. „Lifestyle-Related Factors and Environmental Agents Causing Cancer: An Overview.” Biomed Pharmacother 61, no. 10 (2007): 640–58.

17 Kim, Go-Woon, et al. „Dietary, Metabolic, and Potentially Environmental Modulation of the Lysine Acetylation Machinery.” Int J Cell Biol 2010 (2010): 1–14.

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19 Patterson, E., et al. „Health Implications of High Dietary Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids.” J Nutr Metab 2012 (2012): 1–16; De Lorgeril, M. „Essential Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Inflammation, Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases.” Subcell Biochem 42 (2007): 283–97.

20 Hagi, A., et al. „Effects of the Omega-6:Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio of Fat Emulsions on the Fatty Acid Composition in Cell Membranes and the Anti- Inflammatory Action.” JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 34, no. 3 (2010): 263–70.

21 Simopoulos, A. P. „The Importance of the Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio in Cardiovascular Disease and Other Chronic Diseases.” Exp Biol Med 233, no. 6 (2008): 674–88.

22 Daley et al., „A Review of Fatty Acid Profiles.”

23 McAfee, A. J., et al. „Red Meat from Animals Offered a Grass Diet In- creases Plasma and Platelet N-3 PUFA in Healthy Consumers.” British Journal of Nutrition 105 (2011): 80–89.

24 Kumar, B., A. Manuja, and P. Aich. „Stress and Its Impact on Farm Ani- mals.” Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 4 (2012): 1759–67.

25 Gardner, G. E., P. McGilchrist, and D. W. Pethick. „Ruminant Glycogen Metabolism.” Animal Production Science 54, no. 10 (2014): 1575–83; Ferguson,

D. M., and R. D. Warner. „Have We Underestimated the Impact of Pre-Slaughter Stress on Meat Quality in Ruminants?” Meat Science 80, no. 1 (2008): 12–19; Grandin, Temple. „Transferring Results of Behavioral Research to Industry to Improve Animal Welfare on the Farm, Ranch and the Slaughter Plant.” Applied Animal Behaviour Science 81, no. 3 (2003): 215–28.

26 Daley et al., „A Review of Fatty Acid Profiles”; Realini, C. E., et al. „Effect of Pasture vs. Concentrate Feeding with or without Antioxidants on Carcass Characteristics, Fatty Acid Composition, and Quality of Uruguayan Beef.” Meat Science 66, no. 3 (2004): 567–77; Realini, C. E., S. K. Duckett, and W. R. Windham. „Effect of Vitamin C Addition to Ground Beef from GrassFed or Grain-Fed Sources on Color and Lipid Stability, and Prediction of Fatty Acid Composition by Near-Infrared Reflectance Analysis.” Meat Science 68, no. 1 (2004): 35–43.

27 Pollan, In Defense of Food.

28 Pottenger, Francis Marion Jr. Pottenger’s Cats: A Study in Nutrition. La Mesa, CA: Price-Pottenger Nutrition Foundation, 1995.

29 Godfrey, K. M., et al. „Epigenetic Gene Promoter Methylation at Birth Is Associated with Child’s Later Adiposity.” Diabetes 60, no. 5 (2011): 1528–34; Trevizol, F., et al. „Cross-generational Trans Fat Intake Facilitates Mania-Like Behavior: Oxidative and Molecular Markers in Brain Cortex.” Neuroscience 12,
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30 Price-Pottenger Nutrition Foundation. „Pottenger’s Cats: Early Epigenetics and Implications for Your Health.” November 13, 2014. http://blog.ppnf.org

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31 Waterland, R. A., and R. L. Jirtle. „Transposable Elements: Targets for Early Nutritional Effects on Epigenetic Gene Regulation.” Mol Cell Biol 23, no. 15 (2003): 5293–300.

32 Wilson, B. D., et al. „Structure and Function of Asp, the Human Homolog of the Mouse Agouti Gene.” Hum Mol Genet 4, no. 2 (1995): 223–30.

33 Yen, T. T., et al. „Obesity, Diabetes, and Neoplasia in Yellow A(vy)/- Mice: Ectopic Expression of the Agouti Gene.” FASEB J 8, no. 8 (1994): 479–88.

34 Jirtle, Randy L., and Frederick L. Tyson, eds. „Environmental Epigenomics in Health and Disease: Epigenetics and Disease Origins.” Epigenetics and Human Health. May 17, 2013.

35 Waterland and Jirtle, „Transposable Elements.”

36 Razin, A., and H. Cedar. „DNA Methylation and Gene Expression.” Microbiol Review 55, no. 3 (1991): 451–58.

37 Waterland and Jirtle, „Transposable Elements.”

38 Godfrey et al., „Epigenetic Gene Promoter.”

39 Dominguez-Salas, Paula, et al. „Maternal Nutrition at Conception Modulates DNA Methylation of Human Metastable Epialleles.” Nature Communica- tions 5 (2014). doi: 10.1038/ncomms4746.

40 Godfrey et al., „Epigenetic Gene Promoter”; Haast, R. A., and A. J. Kiliaan. „Impact of Fatty Acids on Brain Circulation, Structure and Function.” Prosta- glandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 92 (2015): 3–14.

41 Nixon, Robin. „What Women Eat May Affect Kids, Grandkids: Eating a High-Fat Diet During Pregnancy Can Increase the Risk of Cancer in Future Children and Grandchildren—Even If They Eat Well—A New Study Conducted in Rats Suggests.” MSNBC. April 28, 2010. http://www.nbcnews.com/id/36836653/ns/health-diet_and_nutrition/from/ET#.Ve8ZVrSJnww; de Assis, Sonia, et al. „High-Fat or Ethinyl-Oestradiol Intake During Pregnancy Increases Mammary Cancer Risk in Several Generations of Offspring.” Nature Communications 3 (2012): 1053; Scarino, Maria Laura. „A Sideways Glance. Do You Remember Your Grandmother’s Food? How Epigenetic Changes Transmit Consequences of Nutritional Exposure from One Generation to the Next.” Genes & Nutrition 3, no. 1 (2008): 1–3.

42 Marsh, Geoff. „Fat Fathers Affect Daughters’ Health: Female Offspring of Male Rats on Bad Diets Are More Likely to Develop Diabetes-Like Disease.” Nature. October 20, 2010. http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101020/full/news.2010.553.html; Ng, Sheau-Fang, et al. „Chronic High-Fat Diet in Fathers Programs β-Cell Dysfunction in Female Rat Offspring.” Nature 467, no.7318 (2010): 963–66; Gaetani, Sancia. „A Sideways Glance: Lamarck Strikes Back? Fathers Pass on to Progeny Characteristics They Develop during Their Lives.” Genes & Nutrition 7, no. 4 (2012): 471–73.

43 Fullston, T., et al. „Paternal Obesity Initiates Metabolic Disturbances in Two Generations of Mice with Incomplete Penetrance to the F2 Generation and Alters the Transcriptional Profile of Testis and Sperm MicroRNA Content.” FASEB J 27, no. 10 (2013): 4226–43.

44 University of Edinburgh. „Obese Mums May Pass Health Risks on to Grandchildren.” ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/06/13060 5104430.htm, accessed May 6, 2015; King, Vicky, et al. „Maternal Obesity Has Little Effect on the Immediate Offspring but Impacts on the Next Generation.” Endocrinology 154, no. 7 (2013): 2514–24.

45 Radford, Elizabeth J., et al. „In Utero Undernourishment Perturbs the Adult Sperm Methylome and Intergenerational Metabolism.” Science. July 10, 2014. doi: 10.1126/science.1255903.

46 Saavedra-Rodredra, Lorena, and Larry A. Feig. „Chronic Social Instability Induces Anxiety and Defective Social Interactions Across Generations.” Biological Psychiatry 73, no. 1 (2013): 44–53; see also Champagne, Frances A. „Effects of Stress Across Generations: Why Sex Matters.” Biological Psychiatry 73, no. 1 (2013): 2–4.

47 Weaver, Ian C. G., et al. „Epigenetic Programming by Maternal Behavior.” Nature Neuroscience 7 (2004): 847–54.

48 Dietz, D. M., et al. „Paternal Transmission of Stress-Induced Pathologies.” Biol Psychiatry 70 (2011): 408–14.

49 Bolton, J. L., and S. D. Bilbo. „Developmental Programming of Brain and Behavior by Perinatal Diet: Focus on Inflammatory Mechanisms.” Dialogues Clin Neurosci 16, no. 3 (2014): 307–20. http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v17

/n1/abs/nn.3594.html; Dias, B. G., and K. J. Ressler. „Parental Olfactory Experi- ence Influences Behavior and Neural Structure in Subsequent Generations.” Nat Neurosci 17, no. 1 (2014): 89–96; Anway, M. D. „Epigenetic Transgenerational Actions of Endocrine Disruptors and Male Fertility.” Science 308 (2005): 1466–69; Weaver et al., „Epigenetic Programming.”

50 Edinburgh, „Obese Mums”; King et al. „Maternal Obesity Has Little Effect.”

51 Weaver et al., „Epigenetic Programming.”

52 Antell and Taczanowski, „How Environment and Lifestyle Choices Influ- ence the Aging Process”; Irigaray et al., „Lifestyle-Related Factors and Environmental Agents.”

Rozdział 16: Cała wołowina i tylko wołowina

1 Gandy, Joan, Angela Madden, and Michelle Holdsworth. „Macronutrients and Energy Balance.” Chap. 5 in Oxford Handbook of Nutrition and Dietetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.

2 National Institute of General Medical Sciences. „Proteins Are the Body’s Worker Molecules.” Chap. 1 in The Structures of Life. http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/structlife/chapter1.html.

3 Sims, C. E., and N. L. Allbritton. „Analysis of Single Mammalian Cells On-Chip.” Lab Chip 7, no. 4 (2007): 423–40.

4 Ferrier, Denise R. Biochemistry. Lippincott Illustrated Reviews Series. May 24, 2013. Chap. 3, „Globular Proteins.”

5 Ferrier, „Enzymes,” chap. 5 in Biochemistry.

6 Gandy et al., „Macronutrients and Energy Balance”; Akuyam, S. A. „A Review of Some Metabolic Changes in Protein-Energy Malnutrition.” Niger Postgrad Med J 14, no. 2 (2007): 155–62.

7 Costanzo, Linda S. Physiology with Student Consult Online Access. Phila- delphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2014. Chap. 9.

8 Ferrier, „Cholesterol, Lipoprotein, and Steroid Metabolism,” chap. 18 in Biochemistry.

9 Gandy et al., „Macronutrients and Energy Balance.”

10 Purves D., G. J. Augustine, and D. Fitzpatrick et al., eds. „Neurotransmitter Synthesis.” Neuroscience. 2nd ed. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 2001. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11110/; Purves et al. „Two Major Categories of Neurotransmitters.” http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10960/.

11 Purves et al. „What Defines a Neurotransmitter?” In Neuroscience. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10957/.

12 Kuhar, M. J., P. R. Couceyro, and P. D. Lambert. „Biosynthesis of Catecholamines.” In Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular and Medical Aspects. 6th ed. G. J. Siegel et al., eds. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1999. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK27988/.

13 Purves et al. „The Biogenic Amines.” In Neuroscience.
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14 Purves et al. „GABA and Glycine.” In Neuroscience. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11084/; Kalueff, A. V., and D. J. Nutt. „Role of GABA in Anxiety and Depression.” Depress Anxiety 24, no. 7 (2007): 495–517.

15 Frazer, A., and J. G. Hensler. „Serotonin.” In Siegel et al., Neurochemistry. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK28150/; Banerjee, P., M. Mehta, and B. Kanjilal. „The 5-HT1A Receptor: A Signaling Hub Linked to Emotional Balance.” Chap. 7 in Serotonin Receptors in Neurobiology. Ed. A. Chattopadhyay. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2007. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK5212/.

16 Purves et al. „The Circadian Cycle of Sleep and Wakefulness.” In Neuroscience. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10839/.

17 Purves et al. „Peptide Neurotransmitters.” In Neuroscience.
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18 Purves et al. „What Defines a Neurotransmitter?” In Neuroscience. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10957/.

19 Purves et al. „Long-Term Synaptic Potentiation.” In Neuroscience. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10878/.

20 Purves et al. „Neurotransmitter Release and Removal.” In Neuroscience. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11106/.

21 Sathyanarayana Rao, T. S., et al. „Understanding Nutrition, Depression and Mental Illnesses.” Indian Journal of Psychiatry 50, no. 2 (2008): 77–82.

22 Ibid.

23. Ibid., 77.

24 Pillai, R. R., and A. V. Kurpad. „Amino Acid Requirements in Children and the Elderly Population.” British Journal of Nutrition 108, no. S2 (2012): S44–49; Ferrier, „Amino Acids,” chap. 1 in Biochemistry.

25 National Research Council (US) Subcommittee on the Tenth Edition of the Recommended Dietary Allowances. „Protein and Amino Acids.” Chap. 6 in Recommended Dietary Allowances: 10th Edition. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 1989. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234922/.

26 Gandy et al., „Macronutrients and Energy Balance,” 60; Parker-Pope, Tara. „Switching to Grass-Fed Beef.” The New York Times. March 11, 2010.
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27 Tome, D. „Criteria and Markers for Protein Quality Assessment: A Review.” Br J Nutr 108, no. S2 (2012): S222–29; Mine, Y. „Egg Proteins and Peptides in Human Health—Chemistry, Bioactivity and Production.” Curr Pharm Des 13, no. 9 (2007): 875–84; Price, Catherine. „Sorting Through the Claims of the Boastful Egg.” The New York Times. September 16, 2008. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/17/dining/17eggs.html?pagewanted=all.

28 Hossain, M. I., et al. „Lentil-Based High Protein Diet Is Comparable to Animal-Based Diet in Respect to Nitrogen Absorption and Nitrogen Balance in Malnourished Children Recovering from Shigellosis.” Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 18,
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29 Villa, P., et al. „Fasting and Post-Methionine Homocysteine Levels in Alzheimer’s Disease and Vascular Dementia.” Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2009 79, no. 3 (2009): 166–72; Refsum, H., et al. „Homocysteine and Cardiovascular Disease.” Annu Rev Med 49 (1998): 31–62; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 182–83.

30 Watanabe, F. „Vitamin B12 Sources and Bioavailability.” Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 232, no. 10 (2007): 1266–74.

31 Lonn, E., et al. „Homocysteine Lowering with Folic Acid and B Vitamins in Vascular Disease.” New England Journal of Medicine 354, no. 15 (2006): 1567–77; Murphy, Sabina A. „Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE-2).” The American College of Cardiology’s Cardiosource. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/533038; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 182–83.

32 Brind, Joel, et al. „Dietary Glycine Supplementation Mimics Lifespan Extension by Dietary Methionine Restriction in Fisher 344 Rats.” The FASEB Journal 25, no. 1. MeetingAbstracts (2011): 528.2; Sugiyama, K., Y. Kushima, and K. Muramatsu. „Effect of Dietary Glycine on Methionine Metabolism in Rats Fed a High-Methionine Diet.” J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 33, no. 3 (1987): 195–205; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 182–83.

33 O’Dea, K. „Traditional Diet and Food Preferences of Australian Aboriginal Hunter-Gatherers.” Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 334, no. 1270 (1991): 233–40. Discussion 240-1; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 182–83.

34 Ibid.; Viegas, Jennifer. „Predators Pick Body Parts for Balanced Diet.” Discovery News. May 27, 2010. http://news.discovery.com/animals/insects/predators-carnivores-spiders.htm; Mayntz, David, et al. „Balancing of Protein and Lipid Intake by a Mammalian Carnivore, the Mink, Mustela Vison.” Animal Behaviour 77, no. 2 (2009): 349–55; Raubenheimer, David, et al. „Nutrient-Specific Compensation Following Diapause in a Predator: Implications for Intraguild Predation.” Ecology 88, no. 10 (2007): 2598–608; Forbes, J. Michael. „Dietary Awareness.” Applied Animal Behaviour Science 57, no. 3 (1998): 287–97.

35 Planck, Max. Wissenschaftliche Selbstbiographie. Mit einem Bildnis und der von Max von Laue gehaltenen Traueransprache. Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth Verlag, 1948. 22. In Scientific Autobiography and Other Papers. Trans. F. Gaynor. New York: Philosophical Library, 1949. 33–34. Cited in T. S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.

36 Masterjohn, Chris. „Heart Disease.” The Daily Lipid. http://blog.cholesterol-and-health.com/search/label/Heart%20Disease; Chen, Vincent C. W., et al. „The Effect of Resistance Exercise Combined with Cholesterol Intake on Serum Lipid Profile in Elderly Men and Women.” The FASEB Journal 26, no. 1 (2012): 1142–43; Colpo, Anthony. „LDL Cholesterol: ‘Bad’ Cholesterol, or Bad Science?” Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons 10, no. 3 (2005): 83–89; Diep, Francie. „Cholesterol Conundrum: Changing HDL and LDL Levels Does Not Always Alter Heart Disease or Stroke Risk.” Scientific American. October 12, 2011.
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/cholesterol-conundrum/; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 82–210; Kummerow, Fred A., and Jean M. Kummerow. Cholesterol Is Not the Culprit: A Guide to Preventing Heart Disease. Summerfield, FL: Spacedoc Media LLC, 2014. Kindle Edition; Ravnskov, Uffe. Ignore the Awkward!: How the Cholesterol Myths Are Kept Alive. Charleston, SC: CreateSpace, 2010. Kindle Edition.

37 Ibid.; Berg, J. M., J. L. Tymoczko, and L. Stryer. Biochemistry. 5th edi- tion. New York: W. H. Freeman, 2002. Section 26.3, „The Complex Regulation of Cholesterol Biosynthesis Takes Place at Several Levels.” http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22336/.

38 Ibid.; Berg et al., „Important Derivatives of Cholesterol Include Bile Salts and Steroid Hormones.” Biochemistry. Section 26.4, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22339/.

39 Ibid.; Campbell-McBride, Natasha. „Cholesterol: Friend or Foe?” Weston

A. Price Foundation. May 4, 2008. www.westonaprice.org; Smith, L. L. „Another Cholesterol Hypothesis: Cholesterol as Antioxidant.” Free Radic Biol Med 11, no. 1 (1991): 47–61; Girao, H., C. Mota, and P. Pereira. „Cholesterol May Act as an Antioxidant in Lens Membranes.” Curr Eye Res 18, no. 6 (1999): 448–54; Maxwell, S. R., O. Wiklund, and G. Bondjers. „Measurement of Antioxidant Activity in Lipoproteins Using Enhanced Chemiluminescence.” Atherosclerosis 111, no. 1 (1994): 79–89; Enig, Mary G. Know Your Fats: The Complete Primer for Understanding the Nutrition of Fats, Oils and Cholesterol. Silver Spring, MD: Bethesda Press, 2000; Kontush, A., and J. M. Chapman. „Antiatherogenic Function of HDL Particle Subpopulations: Focus on Antioxidative Activities.” Curr Opin Lipidol 21 (2010): 312–18.

40 Ibid.

41 Berg et al. „Important Derivatives of Cholesterol Include Bile Salts and Steroid Hormones.”

42 Ibid.; Campbell-McBride, „Cholesterol: Friend or Foe?”; Masterjohn, Chris. „Fat and Cholesterol.” The Daily Lipid. http://blog.cholesterol-and-health.com; Kummerow and Kummerow, Cholesterol Is Not the Culprit; Ravnskov, Ignore the Awkward.

43 Masterjohn, „Fat and Cholesterol”; Chen et al., „The Effect of Resistance Exercise”; Colpo, „LDL Cholesterol”; Diep, „Cholesterol Conundrum”; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 82–210; Kummerow and Kummerow, Cholesterol Is Not the Culprit; Ravnskov, Ignore the Awkward.

44 Analogy from Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 86–87; Masterjohn, „Fat and Cholesterol”; see also Linna, Meri, et al. „Circulating Oxidised LDL Lipids, When Proportioned to HDL-C, Emerged as a Risk Factor of All-Cause Mortality in a Population-Based Survival Study.” Age and Ageing 42, no. 1 (2013): 110–13; Meisinger, C., et al. „Plasma Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein, A Strong Predictor for Acute Coronary Heart Disease Events in Apparently Healthy, Middle-Aged Men from the General Population.” Circulation 112 (2005): 651–57; Ahotupa, M., et al. „Baseline Diene Conjugation in LDL Lipids as a Direct Measure of In Vivo LDL Oxidation.” Clin Biochem 31 (1998): 257–61; Ahotupa, M., et al. „Lipoprotein-Specific Transport of Circulating Lipid Peroxides.” Ann Med 42 (2010): 521–29.

45 Bae, Jong-Myon, et al. „Low Cholesterol Is Associated with Mortality from Cardiovascular Diseases: A Dynamic Cohort Study in Korean Adults.” J Korean Med Sci 27, no. 1 (2012): 58–63; Nago, N., S. Ishikawa, T. Goto,
and K. Kayaba. „Low Cholesterol Is Associated with Mortality from Stroke, Heart Disease, and Cancer: the Jichi Medical School Cohort Study.” J Epidemiol 21, no. 1 (2011): 67–74; Morgan, R. E., et al. „Plasma Cholesterol and Depressive Symptoms in Older Men.” The Lancet 341, no. 8837 (1993): 75–79; Golomb, B. A., H. Stattin, and S. Mednick. „Low Cholesterol and Violent Crime.” Journal of Psychiatric Research 34, nos. 4, 5 (2000): 301–9; Steegmans, Paul H. A., et al. „Higher Preva- lence of Depressive Symptoms in Middle-Aged Men with Low Serum Cholesterol Levels.” Psychosomatic Medicine 62, no. 2 (2000): 205–11; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 82–210; Masterjohn, „Fat and Cholesterol.”

46 Ibid.; Elias, P. K., et al. „Serum Cholesterol and Cognitive Performance in the Framingham Heart Study.” Psychosomatic Medicine 67, no. 1 (2005): 24–30; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid.

47 Nago, N., et al. „Low Cholesterol Is Associated with Mortality”; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 82–210; Masterjohn, „Fat and Cholesterol.”

48 American College of Cardiology. „Low LDL Cholesterol Is Related to Cancer Risk.” ScienceDaily. March 26, 2012. www.sciencedaily.com/releases

/2012/03/120326113713.htm; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 82–210; Master- john, „Fat and Cholesterol.”

49 Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 82–210; Masterjohn, „Fat and Cholesterol.”

50 Steegmans et al., „Higher Prevalence”; Morgan et al., „Plasma Cholesterol”; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 82–210; Masterjohn, „Fat and Cholesterol.”

51 Kunugi, H., et al. „Low Serum Cholesterol in Suicide Attempters.” Biol Psychiatry 41, no. 2 (1997): 196–200; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 82–210; Masterjohn, „Fat and Cholesterol.”

52 Valappil, Ashraf V., et al. „Low Cholesterol as a Risk Factor for Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Case-Control Study.” Annals of the Indian Academy of Neurology 15, no. 1 (2012): 19–22; Wang, X., et al. „Cholesterol Levels and Risk of Hemorrhagic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.” Stroke 44, no. 7 (2013): 1833–39; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 82–210; Masterjohn, „Fat and Cholesterol.”

53 Ravnskov, U. „High Cholesterol May Protect Against Infections and Atherosclerosis.” QJM 96, no. 12 (2003): 927–34; Muldoon, M. F., et al. „Immune System Differences in Men with Hypo- or Hypercholesterolemia.” Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology 84 (1997): 145–49; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 82–210; Masterjohn, „Fat and Cholesterol.”

54 Ehnholm, Christian. Cellular Lipid Metabolism. Berlin: Springer, 2009. 132; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 82–210; Masterjohn, „Fat and Cholesterol.”

55 Dietschy, John M. „Biol Central Nervous System: Cholesterol Turnover, Brain Development and Neurodegeneration.” Chem 390, no. 4 (2009): 287–93; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 82–210; Masterjohn, „Fat and Cholesterol.”

56 Elias et al., „Serum Cholesterol”; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 82–210; Masterjohn, „Fat and Cholesterol.”

57 Andrade, Jason, et al. „Ancel Keys and the Lipid Hypothesis: from Early Breakthroughs to Current Management of Dyslipidemia.” BCMJ 51, no. 2 (2009): 66–72; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 82–210; Masterjohn, „Fat and Cholesterol.”

58 Gotto, Antonio M., Jr. „Jeremiah Metzger Lecture: Cholesterol, Inflammation and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: Is It All LDL?” Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 122 (2011): 256–89; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 82–210; Masterjohn, „Fat and Cholesterol.”

59 Keys, A. „Atherosclerosis: A Problem in Newer Public Health.”
J Mt Sinai Hosp N Y20, no. 2 (1953): 118–39; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 82–210; Masterjohn, „Fat and Cholesterol.”

60 Masterjohn, Chris. „Let Us Honor Ancel Keys, Our Patron, As We Cherry Pick Studies to Bash Fructose (Revised and Extended).” The Daily Lipid. April 28, 2011. http://blog.cholesterol-and-health.com/2011/04/let-us-honor-ancel-keys-our-patron-as.html; Ravnskov, Uffe. The Cholesterol Myths: Exposing the Fallacy That Cholesterol and Saturated Fat Cause Heart Disease. Washington, DC: New- Trends Pub, 2002; Yerushalmy, Jacob, and Herman Hilleboe. „Fat in the Diet and Mortality from Heart Disease: A Methodologic Note.” New York State Journal of Medicine 57, no. 14 (1957): 2343–54; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, chap. 7; Weinberg, Sylvan Lee. „The Diet-Heart Hypothesis: A Critique.” Journal of the American College of Cardiology 43, no. 5 (2004): 731–33; Feinman, Richard, and Sara Keough. „Ethics in Medical Research. The Low Fat-Diet-Heart Hypothesis. First, How Much Harm Has Been Done?” Ethics in Biology, Engineering and Medicine: An International Journal 5 (2014): 149–59; Noakes, Timothy David. „The Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial: An Inconvenient Finding and the Diet-Heart Hypothesis.” SAMJ: South African Medical Journal 103, no. 11 (2013): 824–25; Schwab, Ursula, and Matti Uusitupa. „Diet Heart Controversies–Quality of Fat Matters.” Nutrition, Metabo- lism and Cardiovascular Diseases 25 (2015): 617–22; Goldberg, Ira J., Robert H. Eckel, and Ruth McPherson. „Triglycerides and Heart Disease Still a Hypothesis?” Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 31, no. 8 (2011): 1716–25.

61 Ibid.

62 Ibid.; Menotti, A., and P. E. Puddu. „How the Seven Countries Study Contributed to the Definition and Development of the Mediterranean Diet Concept: a 50-Year Journey.” Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 25, no. 3 (2015): 245–52; Blackburn, H. „Seven Countries Study.” University of Minnesota School of Public Health. 2015. http://sph.umn.edu/site/docs/epi/SPH%20Seven%20Countries%20Study.pdf.

63 Ibid.

64 Posner, Barbara Millen, et al. „Diet, Menopause, and Serum Cholesterol Levels in Women: The Framingham Study.” American Heart Journal 125, no. 2 (1993): 483–89; Kannel, William B., and Tavia Gordon. „The Framingham Diet Study: Diet and the Regulation of Serum Cholesterol.” Section 24 in The Framingham Study: An Epidemiological Investigation of Cardiovascular Diseases. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Oftce, 1970; Dawber, Thomas R., et al. „Eggs, Serum Cholesterol, and Coronary Heart Disease.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 36, no. 4 (1982): 617–25; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 144–45.

65 Kannel and Gordon, „The Framingham Diet Study”; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 144.

66 Sorlie, Paul D., and Manning Feinleib. „The Serum Cholesterol-Cancer Relationship: An Analysis of Time Trends in the Framingham Study.” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 69, no. 5 (1982): 989–96; Kreger, Bernard E., et al. „Serum Cholesterol Level, Body Mass Index, and the Risk of Colon Cancer: The Framingham Study.” Cancer 70, no. 5 (1992): 1038–43; Elias et al. „Serum Cholesterol; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 146.

67 Lawrence, G. D. „Dietary Fats and Health: Dietary Recommendations in the Context of Scientific Evidence.” Adv Nutr 4, no. 3 (2013): 294–302.

68 Cooper, G. M. „Cell Membranes.” In The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 2nd ed. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 2000. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9928/; Berg et al. Section 12.3, „There Are Three Common Types of Membrane Lipids.” http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22361/; Agranoff, B.W., J. A. Benjamins, and A. K. Hajra. „Analysis of Brain Lipids.” In Siegel et al., Basic Neurochemistry. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK28239/; Berg et al. Section 26.4, „Important Derivatives of Cholesterol Include Bile Salts and Steroid Hormones.” http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22339/.

69 Agranoff, B. W., J. A. Benjamins, and A. K. Hajra. „Properties of Brain Lip- ids.” In Siegel et al., Basic Neurochemistry. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK28219/; Yehuda, S., S. Rabinovitz, and D. I. Mostofsky. „Essential Fatty Acids Are Mediators of Brain Biochemistry and Cognitive Functions.” J Neurosci Res 56, no. 6 (1999): 565–70.

70 Chang, C. Y., D. S. Ke, and J. Y. Chen. „Essential Fatty Acids and Human Brain.” Acta Neurol Taiwan 18, no. 4 (2009): 231–41.

71 Ferrier, Biochemistry, chap. 27, section V; Gandy et al., „Macronutrients and Energy Balance,” chap. 5.

72 Barnard, N. D., A. E. Bunner, and U. Agarwal. „Saturated and Trans Fats and Dementia: A Systematic Review.” Neurobiology of Aging 35, no. S2 (2015): S65–73; Haast, R. A., and A. J. Kiliaan. „Impact of Fatty Acids on Brain Circulation, Structure and Function.” Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 92 (2015): 3–14.

73 Bureš, D., et al. „Quality Attributes and Composition of Meat from Red Deer (Cervus Elaphus), Fallow Deer (Dama Dama) and Aberdeen Angus and Holstein Cattle (Bos Taurus).” J Sci Food Agric 95 (2014): 2299–2306. doi:10.1002/ jsfa.6950; Daley et al., „A Review of Fatty Acid Profiles”; Leheska, J. M., et al. „Effects of Conventional and Grass-Feeding Systems on the Nutrient Composi- tion of Beef.” Journal of Animal Science 86, no. 12 (2008): 3575–85; McAfee, A. J., et al. „Red Meat from Animals Offered a Grass Diet Increases Plasma and Platelet N-3 PUFA in Healthy Consumers.” British Journal of Nutrition 105, no. 1 (2011): 80–89; Alfaia, Cristina P. M., et al. „Effect of the Feeding System on Intramuscular Fatty Acids and Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomers of Beef Cattle, with Emphasis on Their Nutritional Value and Discriminatory Ability.” Food Chemistry 114, no. 3 (2009): 939–46.

74 Ibid.; Masterjohn.

75 Ibid.; Pollan, In Defense of Food.

76 Hickenbottom, S. J., et al. „Variability in Conversion of Beta-Carotene to Vitamin A in Men as Measured by Using a Double-Tracer Study Design.” Am J Clin Nutr 75, no. 5 (2002): 900–907; Lin, Y., et al. „Variability of the Conversion of Beta-Carotene to Vitamin A in Women Measured by Using a Double-Tracer Study Design.” Am J Clin Nutr 71, no. 6 (2000): 1545–54.

77 Okano, T., et al. „Conversion of Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1) into Menaqui- none-4 (Vitamin K2) in Mice: Two Possible Routes for Menaquinone-4 Accumulation in Cerebra of Mice.” J Biol Chem 283, no. 17 (2008): 11270–79; Masterjohn, Christopher. „On the Trail of the Elusive X-Factor: A Sixty-Two-Year-Old Mystery Finally Solved.” Weston A. Price Foundation. February 14, 2008. http://www.westonaprice.org/health-topics/abcs-of-nutrition/on-the-trail-of-the-elusive-x-factor-a-sixty-two-year-old-mystery-finally-solved/#three.

78 Vermeer, Cees. „Vitamin K: The Effect on Health Beyond Coagulation—An Overview.” Food Nutr Res 56 (2012): 10.3402/fnr.v56i0.5329; Masterjohn, „On the Trail of the Elusive X-Factor.”

79 Vermeer, C., et al. „Beyond Deficiency: Potential Benefits of Increased Intakes of Vitamin K for Bone and Vascular Health.” European Journal of Nu- trition 43 (2004): 325–35; Masterjohn, „On the Trail of the Elusive X-Factor.”

80 Masterjohn, Christopher. „Good Fats, Bad Fats: Separating Fact from Fiction.” March 24, 2012. http://www.westonaprice.org/health-topics/good-fats

-bad-fats-separating-fact-from-fiction/; Price, Weston A. Nutrition and Physical Degeneration: A Comparison of Primitive and Modern Diets and Their Effects. Oxford: Benediction Classics, 2010.

81 Ibid.; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 215–44.

82 Ibid.; see also Popkin, Barry M., Linda S. Adair, and Shu Wen Ng. „Now and Then: The Global Nutrition Transition: The Pandemic of Obesity in Devel- oping Countries.” Nutr Rev. 70, no. 1 (2012): 3–21.

83 Pearce, Morton Lee, and Seymour Dayton. „Incidence of Cancer in Men on a Diet High in Polyunsaturated Fat.” The Lancet 297, no. 7697 (1971): 464–67; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, chap. 9; Masterjohn, The Daily Lipid.

84 Leren, P. „The Effect of Plasma-Cholesterol-Lowering Diet in Male Survi- vors of Myocardial Infarction. A Controlled Clinical Trial.” Bull N Y Acad Med. 44, no. 8 (1968): 1012–20; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, chap. 9; Masterjohn, The Daily Lipid.

85 G. F. Watts, et al. „Effects on Coronary Artery Disease of Lipid-Lowering Diet, or Diet Plus Cholestyramine, in the St. Thomas’ Atherosclerosis Regression Study (STARS).” The Lancet 339, no. 8793 (1992): 563–69; Burr, M. L., et al. „Diet and Reinfarction Trial (DART): Design, Recruitment, and Compliance.” European Heart Journal 10, no. 6 (1989): 558–67; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, chap. 9; Masterjohn, The Daily Lipid.

86 Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, chap. 9; Masterjohn, The Daily Lipid.

87 Turpeinen, O., et al. „Dietary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease: Long- Term Experiment.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 21 (1968): 255–76; Turpeinen, O., et al. „Dietary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease: The Finnish Mental Hospital Study.” International Journal of Epidemiology 8, no. 2 (1979): 99–118; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, chap. 9; Masterjohn, The Daily Lipid.

88 Turpeinen et al., „Dietary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease: Long- Term Experiment.”; Turpeinen et al., „Dietary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease: The Finnish Mental Hospital Study.”; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, chap.9.

89 Mente, A., et al. „A Systematic Review of the Evidence Supporting a Causal Link between Dietary Factors and Coronary Heart Disease.” Arch Intern Med 169, no. 7 (2009): 659–69; Masterjohn, The Daily Lipid.

90 Hooper, L., et al. „Reduced or Modified Dietary Fat for Preventing Car- diovascular Disease.” Cochrane Database Syst Rev no. 3 (2001): CD002137; Mas- terjohn, The Daily Lipid.

91 Mozaffarian, Dariush, Renata Micha, and Sarah Wallace. „Effects on Coronary Heart Disease of Increasing Polyunsaturated Fat in Place of Saturated Fat: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.” PLoS Med 7, no. 3 (2010): e1000252; Masterjohn, Christopher. „AJCN Publishes a New PUFA Study That Should Make Us Long for the Old Days.” Weston A. Price Foundation. May 17, 2012. http://www.westonaprice.org/blogs/cmasterjohn/ajcn-publishes-a-new-pufa-study-that-should-make-us-long-for-the-old-days/.

92 „Low-Carb Experts: Chris Masterjohn, PhD.” Segment Two (8:55).
https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=vbBXy5xssY0.

93 Okereke, Olivia I., et al. „Dietary Fat Types and 4-Year Cognitive Change in Community-Dwelling Older Women.” Annals of Neurology 72 (2012). 124–34; Brigham and Women’s Hospital. „With Fat: What’s Good or Bad for the Heart, May Be the Same for the Brain.” ScienceDaily. May 18, 2012. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/05/120518081358.htm; Bakalar, Nicholas. „Some Fats May Harm the Brain More.” The New York Times. May 21, 2012. http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/21/some-fats-may-harm-the-brain-more/?_r=0; Kotz, Deborah. „Tweaking Dietary Fat Intake Could Help Slow Brain Aging, Study Suggests.” The Boston Globe. May 18, 2012. http://www.boston.com/dailydo se/2012/05/18/tweaking-dietary-fat-intake-could-help-slow-brain-aging-study-suggests/OO7tmvxhB2E8V0algT7DlL/story.html; English, Cameron. „Saturated Fat Is Not Bad for Your Brain, and You’ve Been Lied To.” Policy.Mic. May 22, 2012. http://mic.com/articles/8673/saturated-fat-is-not-bad-for-your-brain-and-you-ve-been-lied-to.

94 Rimer, B. K. „Correlation Is Not Causation.” Am J Public Health 88, no. 5 (1998): 832–35; Greenhalgh, Trisha. How to Read a Paper: The Basics of Evidence Based Medicine. Oxford; Malden, MA: BMJ, 2006; Goldacre, Ben. Bad Science. London: Fourth Estate, 2009; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 67–81.

95 Roberts, R. O., et al. „Relative Intake of Macronutrients Impacts Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment or Dementia.” J Alzheimers Dis 32, no. 2 (2012): 329–39.

96 Goritz, C., et al. „Role of Glia-Derived Cholesterol in Synaptogenesis: New Revelations in the Synapse-Glia Affair.” J Physiol Paris 96 (2002): 257–63; Mielke, M. M., et al. „High Total Cholesterol Levels in Late Life Associated with a Reduced Risk of Dementia.” Neurology 64 (2005): 1689–95; West, R., et al. „Better Memory Functioning Associated with Higher Total and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in Very Elderly Subjects without the Apolipoprotein E4 Allele.” Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 16 (2008): 781–85.

97 Howland, D. S., et al. „Modulation of Secreted Beta-Amyloid Precursor Protein and Amyloid Beta-Peptide in Brain by Cholesterol.” J Biol Chem 273 (1998): 16576–82.

98 Volk, B. M., et al. „Effects of Step-Wise Increases in Dietary Carbohydrate on Circulating Saturated Fatty Acids and Palmitoleic Acid in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome.” PLoS One 9, no. 11 (2014): e113605.

99 Volk et al., „Effects of Step-Wise Increases”; Jakobsen, M. U., et al. „Major Types of Dietary Fat and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A Pooled Analysis of 11 Cohort Studies.” Am J Clin Nutr 89, no. 5 (2009): 1425–32; Goritz, C., et al. „Role of Glia-Derived Cholesterol in Synaptogenesis: New Revelations in the Synapse-Glia Affair.” J Physiol Paris 96 (2002): 257–63; Mielke et al., „High Total Cholesterol Levels”; Roberts, R. O., et al. „Relative Intake of Macronutrients Impacts Risk”; West et al., „Better Memory Functioning.”

100 Venäläinen, T., et al. „Cross-Sectional Associations of Food Consump- tion with Plasma Fatty Acid Composition and Estimated Desaturase Activities in Finnish Children.” Lipids 49, no. 5 (2014): 467–79.

101 Greene, C. M., et al. „Maintenance of the LDL Cholesterol: HDL Cho- lesterol Ratio in an Elderly Population Given a Dietary Cholesterol Challenge.” J
Nutr 135, no. 12 (2005): 2793–98.

102 Hu, F. B., et al. „A Prospective Study of Egg Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Men and Women.” JAMA 281, no. 15 (1999): 1387–94.

103 Song, W. O., and J. M. Kerver. „Nutritional Contribution of Eggs to American Diets.” J Am Coll Nutr 19, no. S5 (2000): 556S—62S; Gandy et al., chap. 5; Kummerow and Kummerow, Cholesterol Is Not the Culprit.

104 „Dr. Mercola Interviews Dr. Kummerow About Cholesterol.” YouTube video, 16:54. Uploaded by Mercola. May 7, 2014. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lkk7GgfLAa0.

105 Kummerow and Kummerow, Cholesterol Is Not the Culprit, 21.

106 Andrade et al., „Ancel Keys and the Lipid Hypothesis.”

107 „Dr. Mercola Interviews Dr. Kummerow About Cholesterol.”

108 Finking, G., and H. Hanke. „Nikolaj Nikolajewitsch Anitschkow (1885– 1964) Established the Cholesterol-Fed Rabbit as a Model for Atherosclerosis Re- search.” Atherosclerosis 135, no. 1 (1997): 1–7.

109 Rimer, „Correlation Is Not Causation”; Greenhalgh, How to Read a Paper; Goldacre, Bad Science; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 67–81; Nestle, Food Politics.

110 Ibid.; Goldacre, Ben. I Think You’ll Find It’s a Bit More Complicated Than That. New York: Fourth Estate, 2014.

111 Moyer, Michael. „The Salt Wars Rage On: A Chat with Nutrition Pro- fessor Marion Nestle.” Scientific American. July 14, 2011. http://www.scientific american.com/article/the-salt-wars-rage-on-a-c/.

112 Morris, N. P. „The Neglect of Nutrition in Medical Education: A Firsthand Lookoło” Intern Med 174, no. 6 (2014): 841–42; Nestle, Food Politics.

113 Feinman, Richard D. „Saturated Fat and Health: Recent Advances in Research.” Lipids 45, no. 10 (2010): 891–92.

114 Kuipers, R. S., et al. „Saturated Fat, Carbohydrates and Cardiovascular Disease.” Neth J Med 69, no. 9 (2011): 372–78; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, chaps. 8–9.

115 Harcombe, Zoo, et al. „Evidence from Randomised Controlled Trials Did Not Support the Introduction of Dietary Fat Guidelines in 1977 and 1983: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.” Open Heart 2, no. 1 (2015): e000196.

116 Masterjohn, „A New PUFA Study That Should Make Us Long for the Old Days.”

117 Dhaka, Vandana, et al. „Trans Fats—Sources, Health Risks and Alter- native Approach: A Review.” Journal of Food Science and Technology 48, no. 5 (2011): 534–41; Kummerow and Kummerow, Cholesterol Is Not the Culprit, 41–64.

118 Ibid.; Meyer, J. M., et al. „Minimally Oxidized LDL Inhibits Macro- phage Selective Cholesteryl Ester Uptake and Native LDL-Induced Foam Cell Formation.” The Journal of Lipid Research 55, no. 8 (2014): 1648. doi: 10.1194/ jlr.M044644; Texas A&M University. „‘Bad’ Cholesterol Not as Bad as People Think, Study Shows.” ScienceDaily. May 8, 2011. www.sciencedaily.com/releases

/2011/05/110505142730.htm; Perlmutter, David, and Kristin Loberg. Grain Brain: The Surprising Truth about Wheat, Carbs, and Sugar—Your Brain’s Silent Killers. New York: Little, Brown, 2013.

119 Barclay, Eliza. „When Zero Doesn’t Mean Zero: Trans Fats Linger in Food.” NPR.org. August 28, 2014. http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/08/28/343971652/trans-fats-linger-stubbornly-in-the-food-supply.

120 Graham and Ramsey, The Happiness Diet, locations 604–5; Chowdhury, Rajiv, et al. „Association of Dietary, Circulating, and Supplement Fatty Acids with Coronary Risk.” Annals of Internal Medicine 160, no. 6 (2014): 398–406. doi: 10.7326/M13-1788; University of Eastern Finland. „High Serum Fatty Acid Protects Against Brain Abnormalities.” ScienceDaily. October 17, 2013.
www.science daily.com/releases/2013/10/131017080106.htm; Pottala, J.V., et al. „Higher RBC EPA DHA Corresponds with Larger Total Brain and Hippocampal Vol- umes: WHIMS-MRI Study.” Neurology 82, no. 5 (2014): 435–42. doi: 10.1212/ WNL.0000000000000080.

121 Kummerow and Kummerow, Cholesterol Is Not the Culprit, 53.

122 Ibid., 26; Zhou, Q., Y. Zhou, and Kummerow, F. A. „High-dose Lovas- tatin Decreased Basal Prostacyclin Production in Cultured Endothelial Cells.” Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 89, nos. 1, 2 (2009): 1–7.

123 Ibid.; American Heart Association. „Trans Fat Consumption Linked to Diminished Memory in Working-Aged Adults.” ScienceDaily. November 18, 2014. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/11/141118105406.htm; Granholm, Ann-Charlotte, et al. „Effects of a Saturated Fat and High Cholesterol Diet on Memory and Hippocampal Morphology in the Middle-Aged Rat.” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 14, no. 2 (2008): 133–45; Teixeira, A. M., et al. „Exercise Affects Memory Acquisition, Anxiety-Like Symptoms and Activity of Membrane-Bound Enzyme in Brain of Rats Fed with Different Dietary Fats: Impairments of Trans Fat.” Neuroscience 195 (2011): 80–88; Collison, Kate S., et al. „Dietary Trans-Fat Combined with Monosodium Glutamate Induces Dyslipidemia and Impairs Spatial Memory.” Physiology & Behavior 99, no. 3 (2010): 334–42; Willett, W. C. „Dietary Fats and Coronary Heart Disease.” Journal of Internal Medicine 272, no. 1 (2012): 13–24.

124 Kummerow and Kummerow, Cholesterol Is Not the Culprit.

125 Andrew. „Professor Starts New Research Track as He Turns 100.” The Daily Illini. October 6, 2014. http://www.dailyillini.com/news/article_6db9b5d6-4cec-11e4-a756-0017a43b2370.html.

126 Severson, Kim. „The Basics: A Question of Fat, and of Taste.” The New York Times. October 1, 2006. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/01/weekin review/01basic.html; Eng, Monica. „Has Your Food Gone Rancid? Consumers May Have Kitchen Full of Dangerous Products and Not Know It.” The Chicago Tribune. March 7, 2012. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-03-07/features/sc-food-0302-rancidity-20120307_1_trans-fats-polyunsaturated-oils-food-chain; Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat.

127 Hite, A. H., et al. „In the Face of Contradictory Evidence: Report ofthe Dietary Guidelines for Americans Committee.” Nutrition 26, no. 10 (2010): 915–24.

Rozdział 17: Cukier: zakazany owoc?

1 Carey, Nessa. The Epigenetics Revolution: How Modern Biology Is Rewriting Our Understanding of Genetics, Disease, and Inheritance. New York: Columbia University Press, 2012.

2 Ibid.; Blakeslee, Sandra. „A Pregnant Mother’s Diet May Turn the Genes Around.” The New York Times. October 7, 2003. http://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/07/science/a-pregnant-mother-s-diet-may-turn-the-genes-around.html.

3 Avena et al. „Evidence for Sugar Addiction”; Brownell, Kelly D., and Mark S. Gold. Food and Addiction: A Comprehensive Handbookoło Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. Kindle Edition, locations 17648–49.

4 Mains, R. E., and B. A. Eipper. „The Neuropeptides.” In Siegel et al., Basic Neurochemistry.

5 Zioudrou, C., R. A. Streaty, and W. A. Klee. „Opioid Peptides Derived from Food Proteins. The Exorphins.” J Biol Chem 254, no. 7 (1979): 2446–49.

6 Teschemacher, H. „Opioid Receptor Ligands Derived from Food Proteins.” Curr Pharm Des 9, no. 16 (2003): 1331–44.

7 Cohen, M. R., et al. „Naloxone Reduces Food Intake in Humans.” Psychosomatic Medicine 47, no. 2 (1985): 132–38; Drewnowski, A., et al. „Naloxone, an Opiate Blocker, Reduces the Consumption of Sweet High-Fat Foods in Obese and Lean Female Binge Eaters.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61, no. 6 (1995): 1206–12.

8 Guyenet, Stephan. „The Case for the Food Reward Hypothesis of Obesity, Part II.” Wholehealthsource. October 7, 2011. http://wholehealthsource.blogspot.com/2011/10/case-for-food-reward-hypothesis-of_07.html.

9 Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat.

10 Ibid.

11 Ibid.

12 McGee, Harold. On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen. New York: Scribner, 2004; Chaudhari, N., A. M. Landin, and S. D. Roper. „A Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Variant Functions as a Taste Receptor.” Nature Neuroscience 3, no. 2 (2000): 113–19; Nelson, G., et al. „An Amino-Acid Taste Receptor.” Nature 416, no. 6877 (2002): 199–202; Zhang, Y., et al. „Coding Sweet, Bitter, and Umami Tastes: Different Receptor Cells Sharing Signaling Pathways.” Cell 112, no. 3 (2003): 293–301; Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat.

13 Gustafson, We the Eaters.

14 Ravichandran, Balaji, and Robert Lustig. „The No Candy Man.” BMJ 346, no. 7904 (2013): 20–21.

15 Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat.

16 Davis, C. „From Passive Overeating to ‘Food Addiction’: A Spectrum of Compulsion and Severity.” SRN Obes 2013 (2013): 1–20.

17 Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat.

18 Lustig, Robert H., et al. „Public Health: The Toxic Truth about Sugar.” Nature 482 (2012): 27–29; Kim, J., et al. „Functional Roles of Fructose.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109, no. 25 (2012): E1619–28; Ishimoto, T., et al. „Opposing Effects of Fructokinase C and A Isoforms on Fructose-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Mice.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109, no. 11 (2012): 4320–25; Kyriazis, G. A., M. M. Soundarapandian, and B. Tyrberg. „Sweet Taste Receptor Signaling in Beta Cells Mediates Fructose-Induced Potentiation of Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109, no. 8 (2012): E524–32; Touger-Decker, R., and C. van Loveren. „Sugars and Dental Caries.” Am J Clin Nutr 78, no. 4 (2003): 881S–92S.

19 Cha, S. H., et al. „Differential Effects of Central Fructose and Glucose on Hypothalamic Malonyl-Coa and Food Intake.” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105,
no. 44 (2008): 16871–75.

20 Page, Kathleen A., et al. „Effects of Fructose vs Glucose on Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Brain Regions Involved with Appetite and Reward Pathways.” Journal of the American Medical Association. Preliminary Communication. January 2, 2013.

21 American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. „Fructose and Glucose: Brain Reward Circuits Respond Differently to Two Kinds of Sugar.” ScienceDaily. December 10, 2014. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/12/141210080734.htm.

22 Cha et al., „Differential Effects.”

23 American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, „Fructose and Glucose.”

24 Page et al., „Effects of Fructose.”

25 American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, „Fructose and Glucose.”

26 Zhang, Wei, Mark A. Cline, and Elizabeth R. Gilbert. „Hypothalamus-Adipose Tissue Crosstalk: Neuropeptide Y and the Regulation of Energy Metabolism.” Nutrition & Metabolism 11, no. 1 (2014): 27; Page, Kathleen A., and Robert S. Sherwin. „The Brain: Our Food-Traftc Controller.” New York Times. April 26, 2013. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/28/opinion/sunday/the-brain-our-food-traffic-controller.html.

27 Page et al., „Effects of Fructose.”

28 Purnell, J. Q., et al. „Brain Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Response to Glucose and Fructose Infusions in Humans.” Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 13, no. 3 (2011): 229. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2010.01340.x; Stranahan, Alexis M., et al. „Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance Impairs Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity and Cognition in Middle-Aged Rats.” Hippocampus 18, no. 11 (2008): 1085–88.

29 Leaf, „The Mind-Mapping Approach”; Leaf, Switch On Your Brain.

30 Page et al., „Effects of Fructose.”

31 Stranahan et al., „Diet-induced Insulin Resistance.”

32 Purnell et al., „Brain Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging.”

33 Lustig et al., „Public Health”; Stranahan et al., „Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance.”

34 Ibid.

35 Conlee, R. K., R. M. Lawler, and P. E. Ross. „Effects of Glucose or Fructose Feeding on Glycogen Repletion in Muscle and Liver after Exercise or Fasting.” Ann Nutr Metab 31, no. 2 (1987): 126–32.

36 Lustig et al., „Public Health”; Sanda, Bill. „The Double Danger of High Fructose Corn Syrup.” Wise Traditions in Food, Farming, and Healing Arts (Winter 2003). http://www.westonaprice.org/health-topics/the-double-danger-of-high-fructose-corn-syrup/.

37 Lustig et al., „Public Health.”

38 Faeh, David, et al. „Effect of Fructose Overfeeding and Fish Oil Administration on Hepatic De Novo Lipogenesis and Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Men.” Diabetes 54, no. 7 (2005): 1907–13.

39 Ouyang, Xiaosen, et al. „Fructose Consumption as a Risk Factor for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.” Journal of Hepatology 48, no. 6 (2008): 993–99; Purnell, J. Q., and D. A. Fair. „Fructose Ingestion and Cerebral, Metabolic, and Satiety Responses.” JAMA 309, no. 1 (2013): 85–86.

40 Bomback, Andrew S., et al. „Sugar-Sweetened Soda Consumption, Hyperuricemia, and Kidney Disease.” Kidney International 77, no. 7 (2010): 609–16; Flavin, Dana. „Metabolic Danger of High-Fructose Corn Syrup.” Life Extension Magazine (2008): http://www.lifeextension.com/magazine/2008/12/metabolic-dangers-of-high-fructose-corn-syrup/page-01.

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43 Watson, Claire. „Benefits of Raw Organic Honey.” SFGate. http://healthy eating.sfgate.com/benefits-raw-organic-honey-9105.html.

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45 Ouyang et al., „Fructose Consumption as a Risk Factor”; McGrane,
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46 Page and Sherwin, The Brain.

47 Rippe and Angelopoulos, „Sucrose, High-Fructose Corn Syrup, and Fructose.”

48 Ibid.; Schmidt, Ann Marie, et al. „RAGE: a Novel Cellular Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products.” Diabetes 45, no. S3 (1996): S77–S80.

49 Singh, R., et al. „Advanced Glycation End-Products: a Review.” Diabetologia 44, no. 2 (2001): 129–46.

50 Ibid.; Vitek, Michael P., et al. „Advanced Glycation End Products Contribute to Amyloidosis in Alzheimer Disease.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 91, no. 11 (1994): 4766–70; Lustig, Robert. „Fructose: The Poison Index.” TheGuardian.com. October 21, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/co mmentisfree/2013/oct/21/fructose-poison-sugar-industry-pseudoscience; Lustig, Robert H. Fat Chance: Beating the Odds against Sugar, Processed Food, Obesity, and Disease. New York: Hudson Street Press, 2013. Kindle Editon.

51 Ibid.

52 Ibid.; Appleton, Nancy, and G. N. Jacobs. Suicide by Sugar: A Startling Look at Our #1 National Addiction. Garden City Park, NY: Square One Pub- lishers, 2008.

53 Singh et al., „Advanced Glycation End-Products.”

54 Ibid.; Vitek et al., „Advanced Glycation End Products”; Ramasamy, Ravichandran, et al. „Advanced Glycation End Products and RAGE: a Common Thread in Aging, Diabetes, Neurodegeneration, and Inflammation.” Glycobiology 15, no. 7 (2005): 16R–28R.

55 Lapolla, A., et al. „Evaluation of Advanced Glycation End Products and Carbonyl Compounds in Patients with Different Conditions of Oxidative Stress.” Mol Nutr Food Res 49, no. 7 (2005): 685–90.

56 Syed, I. A. „Glycated Haemoglobin: Past, Present, and Future Are We Ready for the Change.” J Pak Med Assoc 61, no. 4 (2011): 383–88.

57 Singh et al., „Advanced Glycation End-Products.”

58 Niiya, Y., et al. „Susceptibility of Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells to Advanced Glycation End Products-Induced Tissue Factor Upregulation Is Associated with Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species.” Brain Res 1108, no. 1 (2006): 179–87.

59 Coker, L. H., and L. E. Wagenknecht. „Advanced Glycation End Prod- ucts, Diabetes, and the Brain.” Neurology 77, no. 14 (2011): 1326–27; Luevano- Contreras, Claudia, and Karen Chapman-Novakofski. „Dietary Advanced Gly- cation End Products and Aging.” Nutrients 2, no. 12 (2010): 1247–65.

60 Lapolla et al., „Evaluation of Advanced Glycation End Products.”

61 Bisbal, Catherine, Karen Lambert, and Antoine Avignon. „Antioxidants and Glucose Metabolism Disorders.” Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care 13, no. 4 (2010): 439–46.

62 Page et al., „Effects of Fructose vs Glucose on Regional Cerebral Blood Flow.”

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74 Hartley, Tom, et al. „The Hippocampus Is Required for Short-Term Topographical Memory in Humans.” Hippocampus 17, no. 1 (2007): 34–48; Cave, Carolyn Backer, and Larry R. Squire. „Intact Verbal and Nonverbal Short-Term Memory Following Damage to the Human Hippocampus.” Hippocampus 2, no. 2 (1992): 151–63.

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77 Hsu, Ted M., and Scott E. Kanoski. „Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption: Mechanistic Links Between Western Diet Consumption and Dementia.” Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 6 (2014): 88; Barron, Anna M., et al. „Sex-Specific Effects of High Fat Diet on Indices of Metabolic Syndrome in 3xtg-AD Mice: Implications for Alzheimer’s Disease.” PloS One 8, no. 10 (2013): e78554.

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124 Hsu and Kanoski, „Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption.”

125 Ballabh, P., A. Braun, and M. Nedergaard. „The Blood-Brain Barrier: An Overview: Structure, Regulation, and Clinical Implications.” Neurobiol Dis. 16, no. 1 (2004): 1–13.

126 Ibid.

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128 Hsu and Kanoski, „Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption.”

129 Ibid.

130 McEwen, Bruce S. „Protective and Damaging Effects of Stress Media- tors: Central Role of the Brain.” Dialogues Clin Neurosci 8, no. 4 (2006): 367–81; Gomez-Pinilla, Fernando, and Kristina Kostenkova. „The Influence of Diet and Physical Activity on Brain Repair and Neurosurgical Outcome.” Surg Neurol 70 (2011): 333–36; Molteni, R., et al. „Exercise Reverses the Harmful Effects of Consumption of a High-Fat Diet on Synaptic and Behavioral Plasticity Associated to the Action of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor.” Neuroscience 123, no. 2 (2004): 429–40.

131 Kulkarni, A. A., B. A. Swinburn, and J. Utter. „Associations between Diet Quality and Mental Health in Socially Disadvantaged New Zealand Adolescents.” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69, no. 1 (2015): 79–83; Jacka, Felice N., et al. „A Prospective Study of Diet Quality and Mental Health in Adolescents.” PLoS One 6, no. 9 (2011): e24805; Zainuddin, Muhammad, Syahrul Anwar, and Sandrine Thuret. „Nutrition, Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Mental Health.” British Medical Bulletin 103, no. 1 (2012): 89–114; McMartin, Seanna E., Felice N. Jacka, and Ian Colman. „The Association between Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Mental Health Disorders: Evidence from Five Waves of a National Survey of Canadians.” Preventive Medicine 56, no. 3 (2013): 225–30; Jacka, Felice N., et al. „The Association between Habitual Diet Quality and the Common Mental Disorders in Community-Dwelling Adults: the Hordaland Health Study.” Psychosomatic Medicine 73, no. 6 (2011): 483–90; Holt, Steve. „This Is Your Brain on Food: The Link between Eating Well and Mental Health.” TakePart.com. April 3, 2014. http://www.takepart.com/article/2014/04/03/powerful-connection-between-food-and-brain.

132 Holt, „This Is Your Brain on Food”; see also Rucklidge, Julian J., Jeanette Johnstone, and Bonnie J. Kaplan. „Magic Bullet Thinking—Why Do We Continue to Perpetuate This Fallacy?” The British Journal of Psychiatry 203, no. 2 (2013): 154.

133 Davison, K. M., and B. J. Kaplan. „Nutrient Intakes are Correlated with Overall Psychiatric Functioning in Adults with Mood Disorders.” Canadian Jour- nal of Psychiatry 57, no. 2 (2012): 85–92.

134 Rucklidge, J. J., and B. J. Kaplan. „Broad-Spectrum Micronutrient Treatment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Rationale and Evidence to Date.” CNS Drugs 28, no. 9 (2014): 775–85.

135 Michael Berk, a professor of psychiatry at the Deakin University School of Medicine in Australia, and his collaborators; Jacka et al., „Association between Habitual Diet Quality.”

136 Rucklidge and Kaplan, „Broad-Spectrum Micronutrient Treatment.”

Rozdział 18: Jeść gluten czy nie jeść glutenu: oto jest pytanie

1 Moore, Lauren Renée. „‘But We’re Not Hypochondriacs’: The Changing Shape of Gluten-Free Dieting and the Contested Illness Experience.” Social Science & Medicine 105 (2014): 76–83.

2 Biesiekierski, J. R., et al. „No Effects of Gluten in Patients with Self-Reported Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity after Dietary Reduction of Fermentable, Poorly Absorbed, Short-Chain Carbohydrates.” Gastroenterology 145, no. 2 (2013): 320–28.e1–3. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.04.051. Epub, May 4, 2013.

3 Dieterich, Walburga, et al. „Identification of Tissue Transglutaminase as the Autoantigen of Celiac Disease.” Nature Medicine 3, no. 7 (1997): 797–801; Fasano, Alessio, et al. „Prevalence of Celiac Disease in At-Risk and Not-At-Risk Groups in the United States: A Large Multicenter Study.” Archives of Internal Medicine 163, no. 3 (2003): 286–92; Fasano, Alessio, and Carlo Catassi. „Current Approaches to Diagnosis and Treatment of Celiac Disease: An Evolving Spectrum.” Gastroenterology 120, no. 3 (2001): 636–51.

4 Lundin, Knut E. A., and Armin Alaedini. „Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity.” Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America 22, no. 4 (2012): 723–34; Catassi, Carlo, et al. „Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity: The New Frontier of Gluten Related Disorders.” Nutrients 5, no. 10 (2013): 3839–53; Holmes, Geoffrey. „Non Coeliac Gluten Sensitivity.” Gastroenterology and Hepatology from Bed to Bench 6, no. 3 (2013): 115.

5 Biesiekierski, J. R., J. G. Muir, and P. R. Gibson. „Is Gluten a Cause of Gastrointestinal Symptoms in People without Celiac Disease?” Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 13, no. 6 (2013): 631–38. doi: 10.1007/s11882-013-0386-4.

6 Ibid.

7 Biesiekierski et al., „Is Gluten a Cause of Gastrointestinal Symptoms?”; Biesiekierski et al. „No Effects of Gluten in Patients with Self-Reported Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity.”

8 Biesiekierski et al., „No Effects of Gluten in Patients With Self-Reported Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity.”

9 Carroccio, Antonio, et al. „Non-Celiac Wheat Sensitivity Diagnosed by Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Challenge: Exploring a New Clinical Entity.” The American Journal of Gastroenterology 107, no. 12 (2012): 1898–1906; Hoff- manová, I., and D. Sánchez. „Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity.” Vnitrni Lekarstvi 61, no. 3 (2014): 219–27.

10 Pomeroy, Ross. „Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity May Not Exist.” Real Clear Science. May 14, 2014. http://www.realclearscience.com/blog/2014/05/gluten_se nsitivity_may_not_exist.html; Biesiekierski et al., „Gluten Causes Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Subjects without Celiac Disease: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.” The American Journal of Gastroenterology 106, no. 3 (2011): 508–14.

11 Biesiekierski et al., „Is Gluten a Cause of Gastrointestinal Symptoms?”; Biesiekierski et al., „No Effects of Gluten in Patients with Self-Reported Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity”; Ellis, A., and B. D. Linaker. „Non-Coeliac Gluten Sensitivity?” The Lancet 311, no. 8078 (1978): 1358–59.

12 Ibid.; Pomeroy, „Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity May Not Exist.”

13 Ibid.

14 For example, see Perlmutter and Loberg, Grain Brain; and Davis, William. Wheat Belly: Lose the Wheat, Lose the Weight, and Find Your Path Back to Health. Emmaus, PA: Rodale, 2011.

15 Pollan, Michael. Cooked: A Natural History of Transformation. New York: Penguin Books, 2014. Kindle Edition, 224.

16 Stevenson, Leo, et al. „Wheat Bran: Its Composition and Benefits to Health, a European Perspective.” Int J Food Sci Nutr 63, no. 8 (2012): 1001–13. Published online June 20, 2012.

17 McGee, Harold. On Food and Cooking; Fallon, Sally, and Mary Enig. Nourishing Traditions. The Cookbook That Challenges Politically Correct Nu- trition and the Diet Dictocrats. Brandywine, MD: NewTrends Publishing, 2001.

18 Fan, M. S., et al. „Evidence of Decreasing Mineral Density in Wheat Grain over the Last 160 Years.” J Trace Elem Med Biol 22, no. 4 (2008): 315–24; Masterjohn, Chris. „What No One Is Saying about Zonulin—Is Celiac about More Than Genes and Gluten?” Cholesterol and Health. April 5, 2011. http://bl og.cholesterol-and-health.com/2011/04/what-no-one-is-saying-about-zonulin-is.html; Masterjohn, Chris. „Wheat Belly—The Toll of Hubris on Human Health.”Cholesterol and Health. October 12, 2011. http://blog.cholesterol-and-health.com/2011/10/wheat-belly-toll-of-hubris-on-human.html; Cochran, Amanda. „Modern Wheat a ‘Perfect, Chronic Poison,’ Doctor Says.” CBS News. June 21, 2013.
http://www.cbsnews.com/news/modern-wheat-a-perfect-chronic-poison-doctor-says/.

19 Cranton, Elmer M. „Modern Bread, the Broken Staff of Life.” Total Health Secrets. 2005. http://www.totalhealthsecrets.com/ENGLISH/resources/article Detail.php?articles_id=70.

20 Willett, Walter. Eat, Drink, and Be Healthy: The Harvard Medical School Guide to Healthy Eating. New York: Free Press, 2011. Kindle Edition, locations 1892–96.

21 Ibid.

22 Ibid.

23 Schroeder, Henry A. „Losses of Vitamins and Trace Minerals Resulting from Processing and Preservation of Foods.” The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 24, no. 5 (1971): 562–73.

24 Willett, Eat, Drink, and Be Healthy, fig. 16.

25 Patel, Chirag R. Brain Foods. Downers Grove, IL: Your Natural Youth, 2013. Kindle Edition, locations 528–34

26 Ibid., locations 489–98.

27 Oregon State University Extension Service Master Gardener Handbookoło February 2, 2003. http://extension.oregonstate.edu/mg/botany/hormones.html; Patel, Brain Foods, locations 528–34.

28 Cordain et al., „Origins and Evolution of the Western Diet.”

29 Celiac Disease Foundation. „What Is Celiac Disease?” http://celiac.org/celiac-disease/what-is-celiac-disease/.

30 Drago, S., et al. „Gliadin, Zonulin and Gut Permeability: Effects on Celiac and Non-Celiac Intestinal Mucosa and Intestinal Cell Lines.” Scand J Gastroenterol. 41, no. 4 (2006): 408–19.

31 Matsudomi, Naotoshi, Akio Kato, and Kunihiko Kobayashi. „Conformation and Surface Properties of Deamidated Gluten.” Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 46, no. 6 (1982): 1583–86; Kanerva, Päivi, et al. „Deamidation of Gluten Proteins and Peptides Decreases the Antibody Aftnity in Gluten Analysis Assays.” Journal of Cereal Science 53, no. 3 (2011): 335–39; Masterjohn, „What No One Is Saying about Zonulin”; Masterjohn, „Wheat Belly.”

32 Ibid.

33 Carroccio et al., „Non-Celiac Wheat Sensitivity.”

Rozdział 19: Wyśpij się, a potem ruszaj

1 Leaf, Who Switched Off My Brain?

2 Chapman, Colin D., et al. „Acute Sleep Deprivation Increases Food Purchasing in Men.” Obesity 21 (2013): E555–E560. doi:10.1002/oby.20579.

3 American Academy of Sleep Medicine. „MRI Scans Show How Sleep Loss Affects the Ability to Choose Proper Foods.” ScienceDaily. June 10, 2012. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/06/120610151445.htm; Knutson, Kristen L. „Does Inadequate Sleep Play a Role in Vulnerability to Obesity?” American Journal of Human Biology 24, no. 3 (2012): 361. doi:10.1002/ajhb.22219; Spiegel, Karine, et al. „Leptin Levels Are Dependent on Sleep Duration: Relationships with Sympathovagal Balance, Carbohydrate Regulation, Cortisol, and Thyrotropin.” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 89, no. 11 (2004): 5762–71.

4 Benedict, C., et al. „Acute Sleep Deprivation Increases Serum Levels of Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE) and S100 Calcium Binding Protein B (S-100B) in Healthy Young Men.” Sleep 37 (December 2013): 195–98; University of California San Diego School of Medicine. „Brain Activity Is Visibly Altered Following Sleep Deprivation.” ScienceDaily. February 10, 2000. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/02/000209215957.htm.

5 American Academy of Sleep Medicine. „MRI Scans Show How Sleep Loss Affects the Ability to Choose Proper Foods.” ScienceDaily. June 10, 2012. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/06/120610151445.htm; Knutson, „Does Inadequate Sleep Play a Role in Vulnerability to Obesity?”

6 Hogue, David A. „Sensing the Other in Worship: Mirror Neurons and the Empathizing Brain.” Liturgy 21, no. 3 (2006): 31–39; Newberg, Andrew, and Mark Robert Waldman. How God Changes Your Brain: Breakthrough Findings from a Leading Neuroscientist. New York: Ballantine, 2009; Ironson, G., et al. „The Ironson-Woods Spirituality/Religiousness Index Is Associated with Long Survival, Health Behaviors, Less Distress, and Low Cortisol in People with HIV/AIDS.” Ann Behav Med. 24, no. 1 (2002): 34–48; Hagerty, Barbara Bradley. Fingerprints of God: What Science Is Learning about the Brain and Spiritual Experience. New York: Riverhead, 2009.

7 Roenneberg, Till, et al. „Social Jetlag and Obesity.” Current Biology 22 (2012): 939–43. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.03.038.

8 St-Onge, Marie-Pierre, et al. „Short Sleep Duration, Glucose Dysregulation and Hormonal Regulation of Appetite in Men and Women.” Sleep 35 (2012): 1503–10.

9 Benedict, Christian, et al. „Acute Sleep Deprivation Enhances the Brain’s Response to Hedonic Food Stimuli: An fMRI Study.” The Journal of Clinical En- docrinology & Metabolism 97, no. 3 (2012): E443–E447. doi:10.1210/jc.2011–2759.

10 „MRI Scans Show How Sleep Loss Affects the Ability to Choose Proper Foods”; Knutson, „Does Inadequate Sleep Play a Role in Vulnerability to Obesity?”; Chapman et al., „Acute Sleep Deprivation Increases Food Purchasing in Men.”

11 Guiney, Hayley, and Liana Machado. „Benefits of Regular Aerobic Exercise for Executive Functioning in Healthy Populations.” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 20 (2012): 73–86. doi:10.3758/s13423-012-0345-4.

12 Chapman, Sandra B., et al. „Shorter Term Aerobic Exercise Improves Brain, Cognition, and Cardiovascular Fitness in Aging.” Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 5 (2013): 1–9. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2013.00075.

13 Wrann, Christiane D., et al. „Exercise Induces Hippocampal BDNF through a PGC-1α/FNDC5 Pathway.” Cell Metabolism 18 (2013): 649–59. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2013.09.008; Chapman et al., „Shorter Term Aerobic Exercise Improves Brain.”

14 Wrann et al., „Exercise Induces Hippocampal BDNF”; Jiménez-Maldonado, A., et al. „Chronic Exercise Increases Plasma Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels, Pancreatic Islet Size, and Insulin Tolerance in a TrkB-Depen- dent Manner.” PLoS One 9 (2014): e115177. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115177; The PLoS One Staff. „Correction: Chronic Exercise Increases Plasma Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels, Pancreatic Islet Size, and Insulin Tolerance in a TrkB-Dependent Manner.” PLoS One 10 (2015): e0119047. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119047; Takada, Shingo, et al. „Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Maintains Exercise Capacity and Mitochondrial Function in the Skeletal Muscle Through Ampk-Pgc1α Signaling.” Circulation 130, no. S2 (2014): http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/Suppl_2/A12182.short; Neeper, Shawne A., et al. „Physical Activity Increases Mrna for Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Nerve Growth Factor in Rat Brain.” Brain Research 726, no. 1 (1996): 49–56.

15 Erickson, Kirk I., et al. „Exercise Training Increases Size of Hippocampus and Improves Memory.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, no. 7 (2011): 3017–22. doi:10.1073/pnas.1015950108.

16 Ferris, Lee T., James S. Williams, and Chwan-Li Shen. „The Effect of Acute Exercise on Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels and Cognitive Function.” Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 39 (2007): 728–34; Best, John R. „Effects of Physical Activity on Children’s Executive Function: Contributions of Experimental Research on Aerobic Exercise.” Developmental Review 30, no. 4 (2010): 331–51.

17 Wikgren, Jan, et al. „Selective Breeding for Endurance Running Capacity Affects Cognitive but Not Motor Learning in Rats.” Physiology & Behavior 106, no. 2 (2012): 95. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.01.011.

18 Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB). „Road to Fountain of Youth Paved with Fast Food... and Sneakers? Exercise May Prevent or Delay Fundamental Process of Aging.” ScienceDaily. April 28, 2014. www.sci encedaily.com/releases/2014/04/140428163639.htm.

19 Rönn, Tina, et al. „A Six Months Exercise Intervention Influences the Genomewide DNA Methylation Pattern in Human Adipose Tissue.” PLoS Ge- netics 9, no. 6 (2013): e1003572. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003572.

20 Russomano, Thais. „GRAVITY: Learning about Life on Earth by Going into Space—an Interview with Joan Vernikos.” Aviation in Focus-Journal of Aeronautical Sciences 4, no. 2 (2013): 5–9; Cotman, Carl W., and Nicole C. Berchtold. „Exercise: A Behavioral Intervention to Enhance Brain Health and Plasticity.” Trends in Neurosciences 25, no. 6 (2002): 295–301; Hillman, Charles H., Kirk I. Erickson, and Arthur F. Kramer. „Be Smart, Exercise Your Heart: Exercise Effects on Brain and Cognition.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, no. 1 (2008): 58–65; Colcombe, Stanley J., et al. „Aerobic Exercise Training Increases Brain Volume in Aging Humans.” The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 61, no. 11 (2006): 1166–70.

21 Ferris et al., „The Effect of Acute Exercise”; Carro, Eva, et al. „Circulating Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Mediates Effects of Exercise on the Brain.” The Journal of Neuroscience 20, no. 8 (2000): 2926–33; van Praag, Henriette. „Exercise and the Brain: Something to Chew On.” Trends in Neurosciences 32, no. 5 (2009): 283–90.

Rozdział 20: Dwanaście porad, jak to pokonać

1 Freiberger, Marianne. „Schrödinger’s Equation—What Is It?” PlusMaths.org. August 2, 2012; Freiberger, Marianne. „Schrödinger’s Equation—What Does It Mean?” PlusMaths.org. August 2, 2012.

2 „Erwin Schrödinger—Facts.” Nobelprize.org.

3 Hameroff, S. „How Quantum Brain Biology Can Rescue Conscious Free Will.” Front Integr Neurosci 6 (2012): 93.

4 Stapp, Henry P. „Quantum Collapse and the Emergence of Actuality from Potentiality.” Process Studies 38, no. 2 (2009): 319–39.

5 My twenty-one-day brain detox can be found at http://perfectlyyou.com and http://21daybraindetox.com.

6 Pollan, Food Rules, 132.

7 The Daniel Fast omits meat, dairy, and other foods. Look up „Daniel Fast food list” online.

8 Salatin, Folks, This Ain’t Normal, 255–56.

9 Jiménez-Monreal, A. M., et al. „Influence of Cooking Methods on Antioxidant Activity of Vegetables.” Journal of Food Science 74, no. 3 (2009): H97–H103. http://www.naturaleater.com/Science-articles/133-cooking-methods-vegetable-antioxidants.pdf.

10 Everts, Sarah. „The Maillard Reaction Turns 100.” Chemical and Engineer- ing News. October 1, 2012. http://cen.acs.org/articles/90/i40/Maillard-Reaction-Turns-100.html; Goldberg, T. „Advanced Glycoxidation End Products in Commonly Consumed Foods.” J Am Diet Assoc 104 (2004): 1287–91; Sutandyo, N. „Nutritional Carcinogenesis. Acta Med Indones-Indones.” J Intern Med 42 (2010): 36–43; Parzefall, W. „Minireview on the Toxicity of Dietary Acrylamide.” Food and Chemical Toxicology 46 (2008): 1360–64; Uribarri, J., et al. „Advanced Glycation End Products in Foods and a Practical Guide to Their Reduction in the Diet.” J Am Diet Assoc 110 (2010): 911–16.

11 Sell, D. R., and V. M. Monnier. „Conversion of Arginine to Ornithine by Advanced Glycation in Aging Human Collagen and Lens Crystallins.” J. Biol. Chem. 259 (2004): 54173–84; Mustata, G. T., et al. „Paradoxical Effects of Green Tea (Camellia Sinensis) and Antioxidant Vitamins in Experimental Diabetes: Improved Retinopathy and Renal Mitochondrial Defects but Deterioration of Collagen Matrix Glycoxidation and Crosslinking.” Diabetes 54 (2005): 517–26.

12 Tareke, Eden, et al. „Analysis of Acrylamide, a Carcinogen Formed in Heated Foodstuffs, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm Univer- sity, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden, and AnalyCen Nordic AB, Box 905, S-531 19 Lidktockh, Sweden.” J. Agric. Food Chem. 50, no. 17 (2002): 4998–5006. doi:10.1021/ jf020302f.

13 Cai, Weijing, et al. „Oral Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGEs) Pro- mote Insulin Resistance and Diabetes by Depleting the Antioxidant Defenses AGE Receptor-1 and Sirtuin 1.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, no. 39 (2012): 15888–93.

14 Kimura, Mieko, and Yoshinori Itokawa. „Cooking Losses of Minerals in Foods and Its Nutritional Significance.” Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 36, no. 4, supplement I (1990): S25–S33. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jnsv1973/36/4-SupplementI/36_4-SupplementI_S25/_article; Robinson, Eating on the Wild Side.

15 Zheng, W., and S. Lee. „Well-done Meat Intake, Heterocyclic Amine Exposure, and Cancer Risk.” Nutr Cancer. 61, no. 4 (2009): 437–46; Goldberg, „Advanced Glycoxidation End Products”; Uribarri et al., „Advanced Glycation End Products in Foods”; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid.

16 Sugimura, Takashi, et al. „Heterocyclic Amines: Mutagens/Carcinogens Produced During Cooking of Meat and Fish.” Cancer Science 95, no. 4 (2004): 290–99; Cantwell, Marie, et al. „Relative Validity of a Food Frequency Questionnaire with a Meat-Cooking and Heterocyclic Amine Module.” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 13, no. 2 (2004): 293–98; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 184; Anderson, Kristin. „Pancreatic Cancer Risk: Associations with Meat-Derived Carcinogen Intake.” American Association of Cancer Research Meeting, Denver, CO: April 18–22, 2009; Zheng and Lee, „Well-done Meat In-take”; Sutandyo, N. „Nutritional Carcinogenesis.” Acta Med Indones-Indones J Intern Med 42 (2010): 36–43. Uribarri et al., „Advanced Glycation End Products in Foods”; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid.

17 Andrews, Ryan. „All about Cooking & Carcinogens.” Precision Nutrition. http://www.precisionnutrition.com/all-about-cooking-carcinogens; Uribarri et al., „Advanced Glycation End Products in Foods”; Melo, Armindo, et al. „Effect of Beer/Red Wine Marinades on the Formation of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines in Pan-Fried Beef.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56, no. 22 (2008): 10625–32; Minger, Death by Food Pyramid, 268.

18 See Fallon, Nourishing Traditions; Gibson, R. S., et al. „Improving the Bioavailability of Nutrients in Plant Foods at the Household Level.” Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 65 (2006): 160–68; Gibson, R. S. „The Role of Diet- and Host-Related Factors in Nutrient Bioavailability and Thus in Nutrient-Based Dietary Requirement Estimates.” Food and Nutrition Bulletin 28 (2007): S77– S100; Hotz, C., and R. S. Gibson. „Traditional Food-Processing and Preparation Practices to Enhance the Bioavailability of Micronutrients in Plant-Based Diets.” J Nutr 137 (2007): 1097–1100; Sandberg, A. S. „Bioavailability of Minerals in Legumes.” British Journal of Nutrition 88, no. S3 (2002): S281–S285.

19 Poulsen, Pia Brunn, et al. „More Environmentally Friendly Alternatives to PFOS-Compounds and PFOA.” Environmental Project 1013 (2005): 2005; Posner, Stefan. „Perfluorinated Compounds: Occurrence and Uses in Products.” Polyfluorinated Chemicals and Transformation Products. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer, 2012. 25–39; Begley, T. H., et al. „Perfluorochemicals: Potential Sources of and Migration from Food Packaging.” Food Additives and Contaminants 22,
no. 10 (2005): 1023–31.

20 Pollan, Food Rules, 132.

21 See Wansink, Mindless Eating.

22 Buettner, Dan. The Blue Zone: Lessons for Living Longer from the People Who’ve Lived the Longest. Washington, DC: National Geographic, 2008. Kindle Edition.

23 Kummerow and Kummerow, Cholesterol Is Not the Culprit, 49; Wansink, Mindless Eating.

24 Wansink, Mindless Eating.

25 Gustafson, We the Eaters, 189–90.

26 See Gokhale, Esther, and Susan Adams. 8 Steps to a Pain-Free Back: Natural Posture Solutions for Pain in the Back, Neck, Shoulder, Hip, Knee, and Foot. Standford, CA: Pendo Press, 2008.

27 Barrès, Romain, et al. „Acute Exercise Remodels Promoter Methylation in Human Skeletal Muscle.” Cell Metabolism 15, no. 3 (2012): 405. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.01.001.

Informacje o książce

Ustroń 2017, Wydanie I

Tytuł oryginału: think and eat yourself smart

Autor: DR. Caroline leaf

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